• 복식
• /
• 제38권
• /
• pp.261-277
• /
• 1998

This study is focused on two things, on the matter of judge's robe(JR) which is worn in the court. First, Korean JR were examined from late 19th century through today(1997)to reveal the entity of the JR : characteristics of each JR has been changed according to the political or international influences. Second, JR from 92 countries were collected and analyzed to figure out the plastic characteristics of the JR among international society. The results are as follows : First, Korean JR were have changed many times according to the social, political influences. The Korean modern judicial system were proclaim in 1895 and JR were adapted in 1906. In 1920, Japanese style JR were worn until 1945 when Korean government have had her Independence. Korean Government have changed JR through which Korean identities were expressed through patterns such as national flower Mukungwha(Hibiscus) and Yang & Yin. In 1966 Korean JR were changed again and adopted western style JR until today (1997) which have many things in common with academic robe of university or clerical robe. Second, the analysis of the 92 international JR were summarized as follows : (1) The JR were consisted of three styles such as Gown style, Cape style and Jacket style. And Gown style has been found as the most popular style(86%) for JR among them. (2) As the main color of JR, black is used among 60% of countries and red is used in 33% of countries. Gold were matched for black JR and gray for red JR as their sub-color. (3) The most popular material were wool and satin were favored as its sub-materials. (4) Natural and Geometric Patterns were used to express the symbol of the country and the court. (5) Decorative items and details such as hat, gloves, shoes, wig, necklace, neck-tie, stole, tassels, rope, ruffles were used to express wearers dignity and symbolism. These results are expected to be adapted for the future design for new JR which has its identity and characteristics.

• 복식
• /
• 제63권2호
• /
• pp.14-28
• /
• 2013

This study attempts to systematically analyze a red carpet style. I have researched the Academy Awards called representative film awards which symbolizes international fame and the Grammy Awards which is the most prestigious award in the music industry by subdividing into formative elements such as silhouette, color, fabric, pattern, detail, accessory, fashion image, and so on from 2000 to 2012. Firstly, when it comes to silhouette, mermaid silhouette accounts for the highest proportion in the Academy Awards. Compared to this, fit silhouette is shown almost the same percentage as the mermaid silhouette in the Grammy Awards. Secondly, with regard to color, black color has not only the highest percentage but also examples of different unit forms such as various color, showy gradation and single colors. Various colors in the Grammy Awards have similar percentage in comparison with the Academy Awards. Thirdly, in terms of fabric, silky material is often used most, which looks like putting more weight on dresses for the formative elements of clothes. Fourthly, in pattern, patternless dresses are represented by high percentage at both the Academy Awards and Grammy Awards. Dresses with patterns have mild, stylistic elements and geometric designs. The Grammy Awards shows many different unique patterns, color and size, compared to the Academy Awards. Fifthly, in detail, frill and ruffle ornaments are shown most at the Academy Awards and Grammy Awards. Especially in the Grammy Awards, beads ornaments are used most. Sixthly, in accessory, there are many accessories of graceful, elegance styles in the Academy Awards. On the contrary to this, there are many accessories to effect on many performances of large, fancy, unique styles. Seventhly, elegance images of a goddess style among fashion images emerge as fashion of the Academy Awards. In spite of romantic styles in the Grammy Awards, many various images are the same rate as there, which means different appearance of experiment and sensational styles.

• 대한토목학회논문집
• /
• 제33권4호
• /
• pp.1315-1326
• /
• 2013

하중에 민감한 케이블을 사용하는 현수교의 기하학적 형상은 하중을 저항할뿐만 아니라 시지각적 실루엣이 된다. 이 연구에서는 정력학적 도해법이 지니는 두 가지 가능성을 이용해서 힘의 흐름을 따르는 현수교의 초기 구조형태계획법을 제시한다. 첫째, 힘다각형을 이용해서 동일한 힘에 대해서 다양한 하중경로를 모색할 수 있다. 둘째, 구조형태와 힘다각형 사이에 존재하는 상반원리를 이용해서 새로 형성된 하중경로에 대응하는 구조형태를 생성할 수 있다. 먼저 현수교의 구조적 및 미학적 측면에 영향을 미치는 주요 구조형태변수를 선정한다. 이러한 변수에 대해서 구조형태와 힘다각형의 상호관계를 분석한다. 이를 토대로 현수교의 초기 구조형태계획에 대한 일련의 설계과정절차들을 개발한다. 이 연구에서 제시하는 구조형태계획법은 유사 형태저항 구조시스템의 설계대안을 생성하는데 수월하게 확장해서 사용할 수 있다. 또한 구조형태와 힘의 흐름과의 상호관계를 설명하는 교육용 도구로도 사용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• 한국공간정보시스템학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국공간정보시스템학회 2004년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집 제1권1호(통권1호)
• /
• pp.75-82
• /
• 2004

Many researcher's efforts have made a significant advancement of space frame structure with various portion, and it becomes the most outsanding one of space structures. However, with the characteristics of thin and long term of spacing, the unstable behavior of space structure is shown by initial imperfection, erection procedure or joint, especially space frame structure represents more. This kind of unstable problem could not be set up clearly and there is a huge difference between theory and experiment. Moreover, the discrete structure such as space frame has more complex solution, this it is not easy to derive the formulation of design about space structure. In this space frame structure, the character of rise-span ratio or load mode is represented by the instability of space frame structure with initial imperfection, and snap-through or bifurcation might be the main phenomenon. Therefore, in this study, space frame structure which has a lot of aesthetic effect and profitable for large space covering single layer is dealt. And because that the unstable behavior due to variation of inner force resistance in the elastic range is very important collapse mechanism, I would like to investigate unstable character as a nonlinear behavior with a geometric nonlinear. In order to study the instability. I derive tangent stiffness matrix using finite element method and with displacement incremental method perform nonlinear analysis of unit space structure, star dome and 3-ring star dome considering rise-span $ratio(\mu}$ and load $ratio(R_L)$ for analyzing unstable phenomenon.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.215-236
• /
• 2014

The flexural behaviour of steel beams significantly affects the structural performance of the steel frame structures. In particular, the flexural overstrength (namely the ratio between the maximum bending moment and the plastic bending strength) that steel beams may experience is the key parameter affecting the seismic design of non-dissipative members in moment resisting frames. The aim of this study is to present a new formulation of flexural overstrength factor for steel beams by means of artificial neural network (NN). To achieve this purpose, a total of 141 experimental data samples from available literature have been collected in order to cover different cross-sectional typologies, namely I-H sections, rectangular and square hollow sections (RHS-SHS). Thus, two different data sets for I-H and RHS-SHS steel beams were formed. Nine critical prediction parameters were selected for the former while eight parameters were considered for the latter. These input variables used for the development of the prediction models are representative of the geometric properties of the sections, the mechanical properties of the material and the shear length of the steel beams. The prediction performance of the proposed NN model was also compared with the results obtained using an existing formulation derived from the gene expression modeling. The analysis of the results indicated that the proposed formulation provided a more reliable and accurate prediction capability of beam overstrength.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제27권3호
• /
• pp.389-399
• /
• 2018

A perforated shear connector group is commonly used to transfer shear in steel-concrete composite structures when the traditional shear stud connection is not strong enough. The multi-hole perforated shear connector demonstrates a more complicated behavior than the single connector. The internal force distribution in a specific multi-hole perforated shear connector group has not been thoroughly studied. This study focuses on the load-carrying capacity and shear force distribution of multi-hole perforated shear connectors in steel-concrete composite structures. ANSYS is used to develop a three-dimensional finite element model to simulate the behavior of multi-hole perforated connectors. Material and geometric nonlinearities are considered in the model to identify the failure modes, ultimate strength, and load-slip behavior of the connection. A three-layer model is introduced and a closed-form solution for the shear force distribution is developed to facilitate design calculations. The shear force distribution curve of the multi-hole shear connector is catenary, and the efficiency coefficient must be considered in different limit states.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제15권3호
• /
• pp.869-877
• /
• 2018

The continually growing demand for underground space in dense urban cities is also driving the demand for underground highways. Building the underground highway tunnel, however, can involve complex design and construction considerations, particularly when there exists divergence or convergence in the tunnel. In this study, interaction between two asymmetric noncircular tunnels-that is, a larger main tunnel and a smaller tunnel diverging from the main tunnel, was investigated by examining the distributions of the principal stresses and the strength/stress ratio for varying geometric conditions between the two tunnels depending on diverging conditions using both numerical analysis and scale model test. The results of numerical analysis indicated that for the $0^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$ diverging directions, the major principal stress showed an initial gradual decrease and then a little steeper increase with the increased distance from the left main tunnel, except for $90^{\circ}$ where a continuous drop occurred, whereas the minor principal stress exhibited an opposite trend with the major principal stresses. The strength/stress ratio showed generally a bell-shaped but little skewed to left distribution over the distance increased from the left larger tunnel, similarly to the variation of the minor principal stress. For the inter-tunnel distance less than 0.5D, the lowest strength/stress ratio values were shown to be below 1.0 for all diverging directions ($0^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$). The failure patterns observed from the model test were found to be reasonably consistent with the results of numerical analysis.

• 한국정밀공학회지
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.285-291
• /
• 2011

The error motion of a machine tool spindle directly affects the surface errors of machined parts. The error motions of the spindle are not desired errors in the three linear direction motions and two rotating motions. Those are usually due to the imperfect of bearings, stiffness of spindle, assembly errors, external force or unbalance of rotors. The error motions of the spindle have been needed to be decreased to desired goal of spindle's performance. The level of error motion is needed to be estimated during the design and assembly process of the spindle. In this paper, the estimation method for the five degree of freedom (5 D.O.F) error motions of the spindle is suggested. To estimate the error motions of the spindle, waviness of shaft and bearings, external force model was used as input data. And, the estimation models are considering geometric relationship and force equilibrium of the five degree of the freedom. To calculate error motions of the spindle, not only imperfection of the shaft, bearings, such as rolling element bearing, hydrostatic bearing, and aerostatic bearing, but also driving elements such as worm, pulley, and direct driving motor systems, were considered.

• 한국도로학회논문집
• /
• 제14권6호
• /
• pp.103-110
• /
• 2012

PURPOSES : In Korea, over 70 percent of the land consists of mountainous and rolling area. Thus, tunnels continue its upward trend as road network are extended. In these circumstances, the importance of tunnel has been increased nowadays and then its safety investigation and research should be performed. This study is focus on confirming and improving the safety of tunnel. On tunnel hood, sunglare effect can irritate driver's behavior instantly and this can result in incident. METHODS : The study of this phenomenon is rarely conducted in domestic and foreign papers, so there is no proper measure for this. This study analyzes the driving environment of the effect of sunglare effect on tunnel hood. RESULTS : Traffic accidents stem from complex set of factors. This study build the Traffic Accident Prediction Models to find out the effect of sunglare effect on tunnel's hood. The independent variables are traffic volume, geometric design of road, length of tunnel and road side environment. Using these variables, this model estimates accident frequency on tunnel hood by Poisson regression model and Negative binomial regression model. Although Poisson regression model have more proper goodness of fit than Negative binomial regression model, Poisson regression model has overdipersion problem. So the Negative binomial regression model is used in this analysis. CONCLUSIONS : Consequently, the model shows that sunglare effect can play a role in driving safety on tunnel hood. As a result, the information of sunglare effect should be noticed ahead of tunnel hood so this can prevent drivers from being in hazard situation.

• 한국도로학회논문집
• /
• 제19권5호
• /
• pp.163-171
• /
• 2017

PURPOSES : Traffic safety facilities are used to prevent traffic accidents before they occur by providing drivers with information on traffic situations and the geometric design of roads. However, some facilities not defined in guidelines do not meet installation criteria, yet are being installed and used in order to increase efficiency in traffic flow and prevent traffic accidents in a specific expressway zone. In this study, we have evaluated the effect of delineation system which are not defined in the guideline criteria. METHODS : Different virtual scenarios were created for roads using expressway median barrier chevron signs, with a driving simulator used to evaluate the installation and operational effect of such signs. Ten experiments were performed with left- and right-curved roads at curve radius intervals of 500 m, from 500 m to 2,500 m. RESULTS : For sections with a curve radius of more than 1,500 m, drivers had a clear tendency toward stable driving regardless of delineation system. When a chevron sign is installed on a protection fence in the road curving left, an expanded installation is recommended up to the section with a curve radius of 1,000 m. According to the analysis results for the RHB (Relative High Beta spectrum), driving concentration also improved up to a curve radius of 1,000 m. CONCLUSIONS :The experiment result indicates the extent of biasing within a lane and the manipulation amount of steering handle, were analyzed and found to be affected by curve radius and road alignment regardless of delineation system.