• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.300-307
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• 2006

To clarify the morphological and geographical differentiation among the polyploid complexes of L. lancifolium collections in Korea, the mo게hological variation of 173 accessions were analyzed by ANOVA (one-way analysis of variance) and PCA (principal component analysis) on the basis of 38 morphological characters. 173m accessions were grouped into 78 diploids and 95 triploids by ploid levels and the triploids separated into 75 inland triploids (all around the Korea) and 20 island triploids (Backryung-do and Sochung-do, westemmost and northernmost islands of Korea) by geographic distribution and morphology. Island triploids showed significant morphological differences with inland triploids in ANOVA by many floral and leaf characters. In PCAs, diploids were separated from inland triploids by having longer plant height, smaller flower characters, higher pollen fertility and more stomata. The first four principal components accounted for 44.1% of the total variation. Plots of the island and inland groups for the first and second principal components separated each other with slight overlapping. Although the ploid forms are different between diploid and island triploid, island triploids were more closely overlapped with diploids by principal component 1 and 2 than inland triploids. This reflects that the whole external morphology of island triploids are similar to that of diploids. This, the phenotypic differentiation between inland and island triploids seems to be partly related to their geographical origins.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.812-827
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• 2006

To investigate the population structure and geographic distance among anchovies (Engraulis japonicus) in Korea, we compared and analyzed the mitochondrial DNA control region sequences (227 bp) of anchovies from 12 localities in inshore and offshore waters. The sequence analysis of 84 individuals showed 29 haplotypes, ranging in sequence divergence by pairwise comparisons from 0.3% to 3.5% (1 bp-12 bp). E9 haplotype of anchovies were found largely in inshore waters and also in offshore waters, which was regarded as the major source in Korean waters (58.3%). However, E26, E27, E28, and E29 haplotypes were found in westsouthern (locality 10, four among 7). Phylogenetic analysis using PHYLIP was divided into two clades (clade A and B). Most of the haplotypes, excluding E26, E27, E28, and E29, were strongly supported by bootstrap analysis (>75%), whereas the relationship between clade A and B was weakly supported by bootstrap analysis (51%). High levels of genetic diversity were found; haplotype diversity (H)=0.75-1.00, and nucleotide diversity $({\pi})=0.015-0.0244$. Analysis of $F_{ST}$ between populations in inshore waters ranged in 0.01-0.05, whereas those of offshore waters ranged in 0.01-0.58. A high gene flow occurred in inshore (Nm=22.61-34.22) and offshore (Nm=11.57-45.67) populations. The distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes between westsouthern and other populations was suggestive of significantly different differentiation ($F_{ST}$=0.20-0.59, p<0.05; d=0.52, p=0.00; ${\phi}=0.02-0.41$, p＜0.05). These results suggested that the overall anchovy population in the Korean peninsula caused considerable migration due to the mitochondrial gene flow between inshore and offshore populations to form a genetically homogenous and panmictic structure, although a heterogeneous population was found in this study.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.4
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• pp.560-565
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• 2013

Population genetic structure and diversity of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica in South Korea were studied using ISSR markers. A total of 45 polymorphic ISSR amplicons were cropped from 7 ISSR primers and 171 individuals of 7 populations. The average of effective alleles and the proportion of polymorphic loci were 1.5 and 89% respectively. The Shannon's diversity index (I) was 0.435 and the expected heterozygosity from the frequentist's method ($H_e$) and the Bayesian inference (hs) were 0.289 and 0.323 respectively. From AMOVA, 4.2% of total genetic variation in the elm populations was explained with the difference among populations (${\Phi}_{ST}=0.042$) and the other 95.8% was distributed within populations. The ${\theta}^{II}$ value by Bayesian method which was comparable to the FST was 0.043. So the level of genetic diversity in the elm populations was similar to that in Genus Ulmus and the level of genetic differentiation was lower than that of others. No population showed a significant difference in the population-specific fixation indices (average of $PS-F_{IS}=0.822$) or the population-specific genetic differentiations (average of $PS-F_{ST}=0.101$). Seven populations were allocated into 3 groups in the UPGMA and the PCA, but the grouping patterns were different. Also, we could not confirm any geographic trend from Bayesian clustering.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.360-367
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• 2010

The genetic diversity and structure of P. tongkangensis in 5 populations from 3 regions was investigated using 56 markers derived from 6 ISSR primers. Genetic diversity at the species level (P=94.6, SI=0.377, h=0.240) was substantial considering the limited distribution and small size of populations. Genetic differentiation among regions (12%) and among populations (13%) in the region was not clearly evident, which suggested a moderate level of gene flow among adjacent populations. The Mantel test revealed a significant correlation between genetic differentiation (${\Phi}_{ST}$) and geographic distance among populations. This was supported by cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). The significant difference in marker band frequency at many loci and their fixation in opposite directions in the smallest and most isolated population SC were considered due to genetic drift. Therefore, the genetic diversity of P. tongkangensis could be compromised if the distribution area or the size of the population was further reduced. In particular, small and isolated populations could be at great risk of extinction. Considering this, the unique habitats of P. tongkangensis should be protected and the reduction of population size should be closely monitored. Conservation efforts including the seeding and planting of seedlings should be done carefully based on their genetic and ecological traits. Our data support the argument that establishing an integrated management system for the efficient conservation of P. tongkangensis is critical.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.2
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• pp.167-172
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• 2000

Inter-simple sequence repeat (I-SSR) markers were analyzed from diploid genomes of 95 nutmeg trees (Torreya nucifera Siev. et Zucc.) in 5 populations. A total of 62 I-SSR amplicons were observed and 7 of them were monomorphic in 95 individuals. DNA fingerprint of each tree was verified by pooling the observed I-SSR amplicons. Most of the genetic diversity was allocated within population (90.65%) and all the populations revealed similar level of I-SSR amplicon diversity within population. Degree of population differentiation (${\phi}_{ST}=9.35%$) was moderate on the basis of criteria obtained from isozyme analysis. Based on the results of the cluster analysis of UPGMA, genetic relationships among 5 populations were not coincided with the pattern of geographic distribution. Non-significant confidence interval at each node also suggests that all the nutmeg populations are genetically not much differentiated.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.2
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• pp.187-195
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• 2008

Picea jezoensis (Sieb. et Zucc.) Carriere is one of the major and widespread components of the cold-temperate and boreal forests in Russian Far East, northeast China, Korea, and Japan. However, it is restricted to a highly fragmented range in South Korea with small populations. Mean expected heterozygosity $(H_e)$ based on 22 loci in 11 isozyme systems was 0.077 for four sampled populations that covered the whole distribution range of P. jezoensis in South Korea. This value is within the range reported for conifers, but it is very low compared to that of other spruce species as well as that of P. jezoensis populations in Russian Far East. Most populations had a slight excess of heterozygotes and the Wright's $F_{IS}$ (-0.019) was comparable to that previously reported for other spruce species. In all of the four populations, the Wilcoxon sign-rank test indicated no greater heterozygosity than that expected for populations at mutation-drift equilibrium, suggesting that the populations have not been bottlenecked recently. Despite a fragmented range and isolated populations, population differentiation was not high $(F_{ST}=0.047)$ and the number of migrants per generation was 5.09. Nei's genetic distances were also small $({\bar{D}}=0.005)$ but strongly related to geographic distances between populations, suggesting an Isolation by Distance. The northernmost isolate, Mt. Gyebang population was genetically distinct from the other three populations. Implications for the conservation of genetic variation of P. jezoensis in South Korea were discussed.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.510-522
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• 2017

To better understand the morphological variation for Perilla crop in different areas of China, we studied the morphological variation in 87 accessions (84 cultivated var. frutescens and three cultivated var. crispa) from high latitude (Northeast China) and middle latitude (North and Northwest China) areas of China by examining seven quantitative and 10 qualitative characters. Analysis of the morphological variation determined that there was significant morphological differences in five quantitative traits between cultivated var. frutescens and cultivated var. crispa, including effective number of branches (QN2), number of internodes (QN3), number of branches (QN4), length of the largest inflorescence (QN5), and days from germination to flowering (QN7). However, two quantitative traits-plant height and number of florets of the largest inflorescence-did not show any significant differences between cultivated var. frutescens and cultivated var. crispa. In addition, significant differences for six quantitative traits were found between the accessions of cultivated var. frutescens originating from high and middle latitude areas in China, which included QN2, QN3, QN5, number of florets of the largest inflorescence (QN6), and QN7. Principal components analysis (PCA) identified five quantitative characters [plant height (QN1), QN2, QN3, QN4, QN7] and six qualitative characters [fragrance of plant (QL1), color of reverse side of leaf (QL3), degree of pubescence (QL5), color of flower (QL6), shape of leaf (QL7), and hardness of seed (QL10)] that contributed to the positive direction on the first axis. The other quantitative and qualitative characters contributed to the negative direction on the first axis. Most accessions of cultivated var. frutescens and cultivated var. crispa were clearly separated by the first axis. In addition, most accessions of cultivated var. frutescens are from high latitude and middle latitude areas that were clearly separated by the first axis, except for several accessions. The findings from this study will provide useful information towards understanding the morphological variation of Perilla crop according to geographical distribution in high and middle latitude regions of China.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.279-290
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• 2012

Plecoglossus altivelis (ayu) is an amphidromous fish widely distributed in Northeastern Asia from the East China Sea to the northern Japanese coastal waters, encompassing the Korean Peninsula within its range. The shore lines of northeastern region in Asia have severely fluctuated following glaciations in the Quaternary. In the present study, we investigate the population genetic structure and historical demographic change of P. altivelis at a population level in East Asia. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) based on 244 mitochondrial control region DNA sequences clearly showed that as the sampling scope extended to a larger geographic area, genetic differentiation began to become significant, particularly among Northeastern populations. A series of hierarchical AMOVA could detect the genetic relationship of three closely located islands between Korea and Japan that might have been tightly connected by the regional Tsushima current. Neutrality and mismatch distribution analyses revealed a strong signature of a recent population expansion of P. altivelis in East Asia, estimated at 126 to 391 thousand years ago during the late Pleistocene. Therefore it suggests that the present population of P. altivelis traces back to its approximate demographic change long before the last glacial maximum. This contrasts our a priori expectation that the most recent glacial event might have the most crucial effect on the present day demography of marine organisms through bottleneck and subsequent increase of effective population size in this region.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.884-898
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• 2012

Place names represent a lot of information about the region and the life of the local residents. In particular, old geographical names have more spatial informations than recent place names. This paper tried to analyze the distribution and characteristic of 'Dumo' which is one of the ancient place names and was studied by Nam youngwoo in 1996 for the first time. After considering the etymology and phonological structure of 'Dumo', the name 'Dumo' included the geographic conditions related to a mountain and river in itself. The total number of place names in the line of 'Dumo' which were collected by the author were 417 and they were distributed evenly on the Korean Peninsula. 85% of them were used for the human place names and 73% of the human place names were served as settlement names standing for a village or an administrative district. Thus the author analyzed the location and diffusion of 220 of settlement names in depth. As a result, villages named in the line of 'Dumo' preferred southern or eastern exposure and located in front of a mountain and around a river. After a village name 'Dumo' was set up, it produces other similar names in the line of 'Dumo' near the village so most place names of 'Dumo' were found with several names of 'Dumo' not alone.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.189-195
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• 2006

We investigated the genetic variation in Stewartia koreana Nakai by examining 61 I-SSR amplicons in 120 individuals distributed among six natural populations in Korea. The overall percentage of polymorphic I-SSR amplicons was 81.9% and mean number of amplicons per I-SSR primer was 12.2. Levels of genetic diversity within 6 populations were similar each other[Shannon's Index $0.358{\sim}0.467$(mean: 0.407)]. The Mt. Obong population had the highest level of genetic diversity and was most distinctive from the other populations. Most variation existed among individuals within population(88.2%). Genetic differentiation among populations(${\phi}_{ST}$) was 0.118. The UPGMA dendrogram based on the genetic distance failed in showing decisive geographic relationships.