• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.1-12
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• 2014

Urban Green space takes charge of the important role for the physical activity and promotion of health to the residents. Therefore, this study is trying to examine the relationship between the various characteristics of green space and green space usage for physical activity and health promotion. A questionnaire survey was conducted to obtain the information about patterns of green space usage and perceived neighborhood environments for the residents living in Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do(n=541). Geographic Information System(GIS) was used to construct spatial data about green space accessibility and physical neighborhood environments. A Multiple Linear Regression model was used to examine the association between the characteristics of green space and physical activity, perceived health status and BMI(Body Mass Index). The study results revealed that the residents' physical activities are positively and directly influenced by the number of available public parks and green spaces in the vicinity(${\leq}200m$). The frequency at which residents witness others exercising nearby or the perceived abundance of low-cost gym facilities also factor as positive influences. The closer to the park, the higher the number of parks and area of green spaces, the more comfortable the walk thereto and the denser the neighboring residential area distribution, the perceived health level was found to be the more positively influenced. Further, it was verified that BMI is correlated with the number of public parks and green spaces within 400 m of the resident's home as well as the safety of walkways, the density of neighboring residential areas, the ratio of road, and the density of crosswalk. The significant multiple regression models between the characteristics of green spaces and physical activities and perceived health level were extracted within the significance level of 10%. This study will contribute to provide better understanding the ways in which green space and neighborhood characteristics are associated with physical activity and health. The result of this research will be available in the landscape architecture plan aimed at improving the use of green space for physical activity and reducing obesity.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.21-33
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to find applicabilities of human bioclimatic maps, using human thermal sensation(comfort) in summer, with microclimatic in situ data and computer simulation results at the study site of downtown Daegu. This includes the central business district(CBD) area and two urban parks, the Debt Redemption Movement Memorial Park and the 2.28 Park, for urban and landscape planning and design. Climatic data and urban setting information for the analysis of human thermal sensation were obtained from in situ measurement and the geographic information system data. As a result, the CBD had higher air temperature than the parks when the wind speed was low. Relative humidities were opposite to the air temperature. Especially, same directional streets with local wind direction had lower air temperature than streets perpendicular to the wind direction. The most important climatic variable of human thermal sensation in summer was direct beam solar radiation. Also, creating shadow areas would be the most relevant method for modifying hot thermal environments in urban areas. The most effective method of creating shadow patterns was making a tree shadow over a pergola, and the second best one was making a tree shadow on the front of north directional building walls. Moreover, how to plant trees for creating shadow patterns was important as well as what kind of trees should be planted. The results of human thermal sensation were warm to very hot at sunny areas and neutral to warm at shaded ones. At the sunny areas, wide, squared shape areas had a little bit higher thermal sensation than those of narrow streets. The albedo change of building walls 0.15 and ground surface 0.1 could change 1/6 of a sensation level at the shaded areas and 1/3 at the sunny ones. These microclimatic approaches will be useful to find appropriate methods for modifying thermal environments in urban areas.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.5
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• pp.645-654
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• 2000

The aim of this study was to described the genetic structure of Eleutherococcus senticosus in Korea. We investigated 10 patches, which are eight Korean patches and two foreign patches come from Russia and China growing at Korean habitat, using ISSR(inter-simple sequence repeats) markers. In ISSR PCR, the overall percentage of polymorphic ISSR amplicons was 76% and the mean number of amplicons per ISSR primer was 11.5, which were higher than the RAPD results for the some cultivars collected in Korea(Kim et al., 1998) ; 57% and 5.7, respectively. So ISSR markers provide more powerful tool than RAPD markers for the investigation of genetic variation in E. senticosus. There are relatively high genetic variation among patches as 62.8%, but low variation within eight Korean patches. Such pattern of genetic variation, which is not ordinary in other tree species, may be result from the narrow and limited habitats and the asexual reproduction of this species at the natural stands in Korea. Although the small sample size in this study seemed to be resulted in the high genetic variation among patches, the overall genetic interpretation of this study might not be much affected on the basis of the characteristics of the distribution and the reproduction system of E. senticosus. Analysis of genetic distance between all pairs of the patches did not reveal any trends with regard to geographic distance, which was confirmed by the results obtained from AMOVA(analysis of molecular variance) and PCA(principal component analysis). These results suggest that, in addition to the preservation of the natural stands, the conservation of larger number of patches with small number of individuals per patch is more effective for the ex situ conservation and for maintaining the genetic diversity of E. senticosus in Korea than smaller patches with large number of individuals.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.131-138
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• 2013

Purpose: This study aimed to study the antibody response of Japanese encephalitis vaccination in children using different kinds of vaccines (inactivated vaccine, live attenuated vaccine or interchanged) and evaluate the effectiveness of the vaccines to provide the basis of efficient immunization schedule of Japanese encephalitis. Methods: Measurement of the neutralization antibody (NTAb) titers following Japanese encephalitis vaccination using different vaccines for 170 children, 2-6 year of age, who visited six university hospitals and are confirmed by immunization records. Results: Among 170 children who were given primary immunization on Japanese encephalitis, 103 children were given inactivated vaccine, 64 children were given live attenuated vaccine and 3 children were given interchangeably. NTAb titers were more than 1:10 in all children of three groups. The geographic mean antibody titer was 322 in inactivated vaccine group and 266 in live attenuated vaccine group. However, there was no significant difference between two groups. In both groups, the NTAb titer showed the peak at 1-4 months after the third immunization and declined. The NTAb titers of three children who were given two kinds of vaccines alternately were 1:135, 1:632, and 1:2511, respectively. Conclusion: According to the results of this study in children younger than 6 years old, there is no significant difference in effectiveness between inactivated and live attenuated vaccines. However, further studies for the changes of antibody titers for a longer period of time on larger population are required.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.107-116
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• 1999

For the study on the variation of Pinus densiflora S. et Z. natural populations. 13 stands were selected in Kangwondo region in 1994. They were located in Hyoja-Dong, Chunchon-Si [plot 1]; Sinnam-Myun, lnje-Gun [plot 2]; Buk-Myun, lnje-Gun [plot 3]; Seo-Myun, Yangyang-Gun [plot 4 and 5]; Sonyang-Myun, Yangyang-Gun [plot 6]; Toseong-Myun, Goseong-Gun [plot 7]; Synrim-Myun, Wonju-Si [plot 8]; Dunnae-Myun, Hoengsong-Gun [plot 9]; Jinbu-Myun, Pyungchang-Gun [plot 10]; Sogumgang, Kangneung-Si [plot 11]; Seo-Myun, Ulchin-Gun [plot 12]; and Mitan- Myun, Pyungchang-Gun [plot 13]. The morphological characteristics of needles and cones were investigated for twenty individual trees from each population. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Among needle characteristics, length, the number of serration. and the number of stoma row were significantly different among populations and between individuals within a population. They were 69.3~91.9mm, 25.1~28.7 per 0.5cm, and 4.1~6.2 rows for abaxial side and 2.9~4.6 rows for adaxial side, respectively. 2. Among cone characters surveyed. length and diameter were significantly different among populations and between individuals within a population. They were 31.1~43.7mm and 20.0~24.1mm, respectively. 3. A highly positive correlation was observed between the number of stoma row of abaxial side and that of adaxial side. and between length and diameter of cone. But the number of serration was negatively correlated with all traits. 4. The distance from seashore was positively correlated with needle length and the number of serration, but negatively correlated with the number of stoma row and cone length. However, the altitude was positively correlated with the number of serration, but negatively correlated with the number of stoma row and cone length. 5. Cluster analysis using average linkage method for needle and cone characteristics showed two groups to Euclidean distance 1.0. They were group I consisting of plots 1, 8, 12, and 13 and group II of plots 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, and 11. However, group II was divided again to Euclidean distance 0.8, that is a group including plots 2, 3, 9, and 11 and the other group comprising plots 4, 5, 6, 7, and 10.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.183-196
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• 2003

Objectives：The Purpose of this study is to investigate the reliability and validity of Korean Parent and Teacher Conners' Rating Scale. Methods：Randomly selected 1st to 6th graders of the two elementary schools(N=1044) in Anyang City participated in the study. Children diagnosed with ADHD(N=23) at the child and adolescent clinic at a university affiliated hospital were included in the study for the analysis of clinical validity of the scales. Parent and teacher completed Korean Conners' Rating Scale and Korean-ADHD Rating Scale(KARS). In addition, parents completed Korean-Children Behavior CheckList(K-CBCL). Descriptive statistics, t-test, and analysis of variance were performed. Results：Scores of Korean Conners' Parents Rating Scale were significantly correlated with those of Korean Conners Teacher Rating Scale. High internal consistency reliability were demonstrated in both parent and teacher rating scales. There were significant correlations among sub-scales of Conners' Rating Scales, K-CBCL and K-ARS. Factor analyses revealed that the K-CTRS had three-factor structure (Inattention-Passivity, Hyperactivity, Conduct Problem) and the K-CPRS had five-factor structure(Impulsive-Hyperactive, Conduct Problem I, Anxiety, Psychosomatic, Conduct Problem II). Conners' Rating Scales effectively distinguish children with ADHD from children without ADHD. Conclusion：Korean Parent and Teacher Conners' Rating Scales are valid and reliable instruments that are useful for screening and identifying childhood problem behaviors. Future studies are required with a larger number of sample sizes including adolescents from various geographic regions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Association of Geographic Inforamtion Studies Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.363-368
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• 2003

We have successfully developed a more effective algorithm to extract the lineament in the area covered by wide alluvial deposits characterized by a relatively narrow range of brightness in the Landsat TM image, while the currently used algorithm is limited to the mountainous areas. In the new algorithm, flat areas mainly consisting of alluvial deposits were selected using the Local Enhancement from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The aspect values were obtained by 3${\times}$3 moving windowing of Zevenbergen & Thorno's Method, and then the slopes of the study area were determined using the aspect values. After the lineament factors in the alluvial deposits were revealed by comparing the threshold values, the first rank lineament under the alluvial deposits were extracted using the Hough transform In order to extract the final lineament, the lowest points under the alluvial deposits in a given topographic section perpendicular to the first rank lineament were determined through the spline interpolation, and then the final lineament were chosen through Hough transform using the lowest points. The algorithm developed in this study enables us to observe a clearer lineament in the areas covered by much larger alluvial deposits compared with the results extracted using the conventional existing algorithm. There exists, however, some differences between the first rank lineament, obtained using the aspect and the slope, and the final lineament. This study shows that the new algorithm more effectively extracts the lineament in the area covered with wide alluvlal deposits than in the areas of converging slope, areas with narrow alluvial deposits or valleys.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.1141-1151
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• 2007

In this paper through Honam high-speed railroad which is planned with the north and south axis, we will verify the feasibility of the coordinate conversion using railroad control points after regarding current planned-railroad as the linear central axises. From analysis, distortion of Y axis varies 21cm to 40cm diminishing to a gentle straight line, distortion of X axis varies 14cm to 29cm. Through a revision, the deviation value between the coordinates were 6mm to 9mm and it satisfied the allowable error of national geographic information institute which is following ITRF (International Terrestrial Reference Frame) and cadastral boundary survey(10cm). consequently the coordinate conversion is possible using railroad control points as common control points.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.457-466
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• 2013

Since the early 1980s, the National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Sciences has been breeding and collecting diverse radish breeds to select those samples with better horticultural characteristics, to ultimately expand and develop as good radish produce. Genetic diversity is a crucial factor in crop improvement and therefore it is very important to obtain various variations through sample collection. The collected samples were compared with one another in order to assess the level of diversity among the collections, and this procedure allowed for increased application of the gathered resources and aided in determining the direction to secure further samples. Towards this end, this experiment was conducted in order to examine whether the SSR markers derived from Chinese cabbage samples could be transferred to the radish samples. Among the radish breeding lines and introduced resources, 44 lines were used as materials to analyze the genotype using 22 SSR markers selected. As a result, the analysis showed that among all the selected markers, 'cnu_m139' and 'cnu_m289' were the most useful markers for diversity evaluation. The genetic relationship of the radish genetic resources showed that the geographic origins affected the diversity. Furthermore, the different types of radish groups were also determined by the year they were bred. This result demonstrated that there are differences between the older radish breeds and the more recently developed radish breeds. Even though a relatively small number of markers were used in the analysis, it was possible to distinguish whether the radish was bred 30 years ago or in the 2000s, and that the similar physical shapes comprised a particular group, showed that the SSR markers can indeed be successfully applied to to study the diversity within radish breeding lines. Through the results of this study, it can be concluded that the SSR marker developed for the Chinese cabbage can be applied to examine the genetic diversity and analyze the relationship (genetic resource determination) of radish.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.197-207
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• 2016

This study aims at providing basic data to objectively evaluate the areas suitable for reintroduction of the species of Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in order to effectively preserve the Asiatic black bears in the Korean protection areas including national parks, and for the species restoration success. To this end, this study predicted the potential habitats in East Asia, Southeast Asia and India, where there are the records of Asiatic black bears' appearances using the Maxent model and environmental variables related with climate, topography, road and land use. In addition, this study evaluated the effects of the relevant climate and environmental variables. This study also analyzed inhabitation range area suitable for Asiatic black and geographic change according to future climate change. As for the judgment accuracy of the Maxent model widely utilized for habitat distribution research of wildlife for preservation, AUC value was calculated as 0.893 (sd=0.121). This was useful in predicting Asiatic black bears' potential habitat and evaluate the habitat change characteristics according to future climate change. Compare to the distribution map of Asiatic black bears evaluated by IUCN, Habitat suitability by the Maxent model were regionally diverse in extant areas and low in the extinct areas from IUCN map. This can be the result reflecting the regional difference in the environmental conditions where Asiatic black bears inhabit. As for the environment affecting the potential habitat distribution of Asiatic black bears, inhabitation rate was the highest, according to land coverage type, compared to climate, topography and artificial factors like distance from road. Especially, the area of deciduous broadleaf forest was predicted to be preferred, in comparison with other land coverage types. Annual mean precipitation and the precipitation during the driest period were projected to affect more than temperature's annual range, and the inhabitation possibility was higher, as distance was farther from road. The reason is that Asiatic black bears are conjectured to prefer more stable area without human's intervention, as well as prey resource. The inhabitation range was predicted to be expanded gradually to the southern part of India, China's southeast coast and adjacent inland area, and Vietnam, Laos and Malaysia in the eastern coastal areas of Southeast Asia. The following areas are forecast to be the core areas, where Asiatic black bears can inhabit in the Asian region: Jeonnam, Jeonbuk and Gangwon areas in South Korea, Kyushu, Chugoku, Shikoku, Chubu, Kanto and Tohoku's border area in Japan, and Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Fujian border area in China. This study is expected to be used as basic data for the preservation and efficient management of Asiatic black bear's habitat, artificially introduced individual bear's release area selection, and the management of collision zones with humans.