• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.212-222
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• 1997

Geochemistry of metasedimentary groundwaters and spar waters has been studied in comparison with that of granitic groundwaters in Korea. Metasedimentary groundwaters show $Ca^{2+]$-${HCO_3}^-$ type at depth and low sodium concentrations compared with granitic groundwaters, which is due to the lack of plagioclase in their aquifer mineralogy and, therefore, the predominant reaction of calcite dissolution. According to factor analysis, metasedimentary groundwaters at 100~300 m depth are represented by 1) the dissolution of calcite and Mg-carbonates, 2) transformation of kaolinite to illite, and 3) the presence of sodium as not the product of plagioclase dissolution but a artificial pollutant. Discriminant function between the granitic and metasedimentary groundwaters shows a good discriminating ability with 81.8%, and groundwaters of volcanic aquifer, which has abundant plagioclase, are included in the granitic group by this function. Spa water samples show the result of active water-rock interaction due to high temperature.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.39 no.4 s.179
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• pp.485-494
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• 2006

This paper summarizes the history of geothermal research in Korea since 1920s and also describes the present status of research on heat flow, origin of thermal waters and geothermal exploitation and utilization. Geothermal research in Korea has been mainly related with hot spring investigation until 1970s. 1t was not until 1980s before heat flow study became continuous by research institute and academia and first nation-scale geothermal gradient map and heat flow map were published in 1996. Also in 1990s, geochemical isotope analysis of Korean hot spring waters and measurements of heat production rate of some granite bodies were made. Attempts to develop and utilize the deep geothermal water has been tried from early 1990s but field scale exploitations for geothermal water was activated in 2000s. Considering recent increase of demands on both deep and shallow geothermal energy utilization, outlook on future goethermal research and development is encouraging.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.369-379
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• 1995

About forty ore deposits of $CaF_2{\pm}Au{\pm}Ag{\pm}Cu{\pm}Pb{\pm}Zn$ are widely distributed in the Geumsan district and are believed to be genetically related to the Mesozoic Geumsan granitic rocks. Based on their petrogeochemistry and isotopic dating data, the granitic rocks in this district can be classified into two groups ; the Jurassic granitic rocks(equigranular leucocratic granite, porphyritic biotite granite, porphyritic pink-feldspar granite, seriate leucocratic granite) and the Cretaceous granitic rocks(seriate pink-feldspar granite, equigranular alkali-feldspar granite, equigranular pink-feldspar granite, miarolitic pink-feldspar granite, equigranular biotite granite). Spatial distribution of fluorite ore deposits, fluorine contents of granitic rocks and fracture patterns in this district suggest that three granitic rocks(equigranular biotite granite, equigranular pink-feldspar granite, miarolitic pink-feldspar granite) of the Cretaceous period be genetically related to the fluorite mineralization. In these fluorite-related granitic rocks, fluorine is most highly correlated with Cs(correlation coefficient(r)>0.9), and also highly with MnO, U, Sm, Yb, Lu, Zn, Y, Li(r>0.7). Statistically the variation of fluorine in the fluorite-related granitic rocks can be explained in terros of only three elements, such as Lu, CaO and Cs, and the fluorite-related granitic rocks can be discriminated from the fluorite-nonrelated granitic rocks by a linear functional equation of La, Ce, Cs and F($Z_{Ust}=-1.38341-0.00231F-0.19878Ce+0.38169La+0.54720Cs$). Also, equigranular alkali-feldspar granite is classified into the fluorite-related granitic rocks by means of the linear functional equation($Z_{Ust}$).

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.39-47
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• 1997

Geochemical study was carried out to find out the distribution of metals and cyanide in soil in the vicinity of the abandoned Daduck mine and the reason for acid mine drainage occurrence in the tailings impoundment. Chemical analysis showed that content of As in soil around tailings exceeded 15mg/kg, Korean standard of soil contamination in the farm land. That means the contamination of soil by As is due to input of tailings. According to total decomposition of tailings, As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and S were highly concentrated in tailings. However the water in tailings impoundment was changed to acidic and contaminated by metals and sulfate because the tailings in the top of the tailings impoundment had been oxidized. Acid mine drainage contaminated the water course in the vicinity of the paddy soils. The proper measures are required to prevent contamination of the soil and water in the vicinity of the Daduck mine.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.4 no.5
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• pp.103-103
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• 1995

In the Chinhae Bay, Korea, sedimentation rates and sedimentary record of anthropogenic metal loads were determined by $^{210}Pb$ dating and heavy metal analysis of four sediment cores . The sedimentation rates varied from 0.16g/$cm^2$/yr(3.1mm/yr) at Sta. Ct, located within narrow waterway to 0.24g/$cm^2$/yr(4.8mm/yr) at Sta. Cl, located in Haengam Bay. Maximum contents of Mn, Zn, Cu and Cr were observed at Sta. C2 located near the mouth of Masan Bay, while minimum contents were observed at Sta. CB. Mn/Fe ratios at Sta. C2 and Sta. C4 showed gradually increasing and decreasing downward, respectively, in the upper layer of sediment cores. This suggests that Mn may be diagenetically redistributed in highly reduced environment. At Sta. C2, the concentrations of Zn and Cu began to increase from 1920s by anthropogenic input and have been remarkablely increasing since mid 1960s. At Sta. C3, located near Sungpo, anthropogenic input of these two elements has also slightly increased after 1970s. However, pollution of these two elements was not significant in Haengam Bay(Sta. Cl) and Chiljun watenway(Sta. C4). The pollution of Co, Ni and Cr was not remarkable in all core samples except surface sediment of Sta. C2. The total input of anthropogenic Zn and Cu since 1920s was estimated to be 28∼792 ㎍/cm2 and 0∼168㎍/cm2, respectively. Sta. C2 showed remarkablely higher values relative to other stations: anthropogenic loads of Zn and Cu constituted 27% and 29% of the total sedimentary inventories at the present day, respectively. Fe, Ni, Cr and Co contents showed good correlation(r>0.8) with each other. Anthropogenic Zn and Cu also showed a very good positive correlation(>0.9). However, correlation between these two group of element was quite scattered, indicating different sources and geochemical behaviors.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.4 no.5
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• pp.489-500
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• 1995

In the Chinhae Bay, Korea, sedimentation rates and sedimentary record of anthropogenic metal loads were determined by $^{210}Pb$ dating and heavy metal analysis of four sediment cores . The sedimentation rates varied from 0.16g/$cm^2$/yr(3.1mm/yr) at Sta. Ct, located within narrow waterway to 0.24g/$cm^2$/yr(4.8mm/yr) at Sta. Cl, located in Haengam Bay. Maximum contents of Mn, Zn, Cu and Cr were observed at Sta. C2 located near the mouth of Masan Bay, while minimum contents were observed at Sta. CB. Mn/Fe ratios at Sta. C2 and Sta. C4 showed gradually increasing and decreasing downward, respectively, in the upper layer of sediment cores. This suggests that Mn may be diagenetically redistributed in highly reduced environment. At Sta. C2, the concentrations of Zn and Cu began to increase from 1920s by anthropogenic input and have been remarkablely increasing since mid 1960s. At Sta. C3, located near Sungpo, anthropogenic input of these two elements has also slightly increased after 1970s. However, pollution of these two elements was not significant in Haengam Bay(Sta. Cl) and Chiljun watenway(Sta. C4). The pollution of Co, Ni and Cr was not remarkable in all core samples except surface sediment of Sta. C2. The total input of anthropogenic Zn and Cu since 1920s was estimated to be 28~792 $\mu\textrm{g}$/cm2 and 0~168$\mu\textrm{g}$/cm2, respectively. Sta. C2 showed remarkablely higher values relative to other stations: anthropogenic loads of Zn and Cu constituted 27% and 29% of the total sedimentary inventories at the present day, respectively. Fe, Ni, Cr and Co contents showed good correlation(r>0.8) with each other. Anthropogenic Zn and Cu also showed a very good positive correlation(>0.9). However, correlation between these two group of element was quite scattered, indicating different sources and geochemical behaviors.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.241-252
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• 2000

Twenty-two water samples(fifteen groundwater and seven geothermal water samples) were collected to elucidate chemical characteristics of the ground and geothermal waters in the Haeundae hot spring area and its vicinity. Major and honor elements were analyzed for ground and geothermal water samples. The concentrations of $K^+$, Na+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $SO_4^{2-}$, $Cl^-$, ^F^-$ and $SiO_2$ were higher in the geothermal water samples than the groundwater samples except $HCO_3^- and Mg^{2+}$ ions. Based on the contents of Fe, Zn, Cu, Al, Mn and Pb, some of the ground and geothermal water samples are contaminated by anthropogenic sources. The ground waters shown on the Piper diagram belong to $Ca-HCO_3$ type, while the geothermal waters Na-Cl type. The graphs of $Cl^-$ versus $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}, Mg^{2+}, K^+, SO_4^{2-} and HCO_3^-$ indicate that the groundwater is related partly with mineral-water reaction and partly with anthropogenic contamination, while the geothermal water is related with saline water. On the phase stability diagram, groundwater and thermal water mostly fall in the field of stability of kaolinite. This indicates that the ground and geothermal waters proceed with forming kaolinite. Factor and correlation analyses were carried out to simplify the physicochemical data into grouping some factors and to find interaction between them. Based on the Na-K, Na-K-Ca and Na-K-Ca-Mg geothermometers and silica geothermometers, the geothermal reservoir is estimated to have equilibrium temperature between 125${$\mid$circ}C$ and 160${$\mid$circ}C$.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.53-64
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• 2012

In order to understand the relationship between the formation of hypoxia sediment by eutrophication and changes in benthic foraminiferal assemblage, micropaleontological and geochemical analyses were carried out on one sediment box core (K-1) recovered in the northern Gamak Bay, which is one of the aquacultural areas in the South Sea of Korea. In this analysis, the PON content in the sediment rapidly increased, while the C/N ratio and the C/S ratio decreased since 1977. These results indicate that eutrophication commenced in 1977 in the northern Gamak Bay, and consequently, the hypoxia sediment is 20 cm thick. Ammonia beccarii-Buccella frigida assemblage occurs before the formation of hypoxia sediment. Trochammina hadai-Buccella frigida assemblage appeared in the transitional period toward hypoxia and Trochammina hadai assemblage with a low abundance and diversity is observed in the hypoxia sediment. The agglutinated species T. hadai is regarded as a bio-indicator (opportunistic species) of the organic pollution in northern Gamak Bay.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.179-187
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• 2014

Directly searching for undiscovered hydrothermal vent sites is inefficient due to the practical difficulty of comprehensively imaging vent fields. Thus, most searches for hydrothermal vent sites rely on the detection of hydrothermal plumes from water column observation. Detecting and measuring the hydrothermal plumes are the most efficient way to infer the presence and distribution of hydrothermal vents. Both the array of vertical casting and lateral towing are the most common methods to discover hydrothermal plumes. In this study, we compared results of cast and tow-yo operations along the same section of a spreading center with a distance of 20.5 km in the North Fiji Basin for mapping hydrothermal plumes. Operation of CTD tow-yo provides a detailed pattern of plumes which enable us to locate the hydrothermal vents. On the other hand, identification of hydrothermal activity can be determined effectively by CTD cast with additional analysis of geochemical tracers. Reduction in the operating time is another advantage of CTD cast operation, especially for regional-scale survey. Our results show that the combination of CTD cast and tow-yo would improve the efficiency of the hydrothermal plume survey to locate new hydrothermal vent sites.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.12 no.1 s.15
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• pp.31-47
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• 2003

The stone implements from the Unjeonri relic sites were studied on the basis of petrology, geochemistry and archaeogeological interpretations. Magnetic susceptibility (MS) of the stone implements were mainly lest than 0.5 $(10^{-3}\;SI\;unit)$, however, stone axe of syenitic rock (2.37), stone axe of schist (0.19) and stone knife of slate (0.11) showed different from the some measured rocks of an outcrop. Geochemical evolution trend of both a stone implement and the surface rock were identical when it a normalization to use the behavior, enrichment, compatibility and incompatibility of the elements. But, some rocks of a axe (schist), a knife (slate), a arrowhead (shale) could not confirm typical occurrence and the distribution area within the Unjeonri site and a radius 10 km. In the Unjeonri site, the stone implements suggest that coexisting two types as domestic- and foreign-type lithic artifacts.