• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 1998

This study was designed to demonstrate the antigenotoxic potential of methyl alcohol extracts from Auricularia mesenterica and Gyrophora esculenta against the frequency of micronucleate polychromatic erythrocyte(MNPCE) produced by benzo($\alpha$) pyrene in vivo. We used the mouse bone marrow test system to measure the effect of single and multiple treatments of each sample. Genotoxicity of benzo ($\alpha$) pyrene(150mg/kg, i.p.) as positive control was the highest at 36 hours. However, each sample per dose was not genotoxic, showing MNPCE values in the range of the control level. Treatments of methyl alcohol extracts both of Auricularia mesenterica and Gyrophora esculenta showed significant decreased frequencies of NMPCE induced by benzo($\alpha$) pyrene within 12 hours by single treatment(100mg/kg, oral). And also, the MNPCE level produced benzo($\alpha$) pyrene was decreased by the treatment of benzo($\alpha$) pyrene(5 to 200mg/kg, oral) of each sample, but significantly different redults were obtained with 100mg/kg. In the multiple treatment, the highest antigentoxic effects were demonstrated with 20mg/kg in the each sample, a range which induced inhibition indices of 54.2 and 56.3%, respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.31 no.5 s.86
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• pp.411-414
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• 2005

Clean Natural is a new disinfectant of which main components are propolis and wood vinegar from Quercus mongolica. The mutagenicity of Clean Natural was studied by a micronucleus test in male ICR mice. The maximally tolerated dose (MTI) of Clean Natural was determined to >2.0 g/kg body weight. Therefore, the doses adopted for the micronucleus test was 2.0 g/kg as a high dose, 1.0 g/kg as a medium and 0.5 g/kg as a low of dose, respectively. Each of group was consisted of three doses of Clean Natural, positive control 2 mg/kg of mitomycin C and negative control 20 ml/kg of saline. A slide preparation was made at 24 hours following administration. No significant induction of micronuclei was observed in any of the three doses of Clean Natural orally administered. No cytotoxicity such as inhibition of hemopoiesis was observed in any group of test agent as the rate of polychromatic erythrocytes to total erythrocytes was over 40%. These results indicate that Clean Natural is not capable of inducing micronuclei in vivo mouse cells and thus has no genotoxicity in micronucleus test.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.99-107
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• 2001

In the present studies, decursinol angelate, decursin isolated from Angelica gignatis radix and oil fraction of Cnidii rhizoma was analyzed by normal phase HPLC and GC/MS respectively. The standardized water extracts of Angelica gignatis radix, Cnidii rhizoma and its complex named Gung-gui-tang was tested the anti mutagenic effects by in vitro genotoxicity using Salmonella reversion assay (Ames test) and micronucleus test in chinese hamster ovary(CHO) cells. Angelica gignatis radix, Cnidii rhizoma and Gung-gui-tang was not exhibited the antimutagenic effects in the Salmonella reversion assays with or without metabolic activation. However, the micronucleus test assays, Angelica gignatis radix and Gung-gui-tang was showed the antimutagenic effects significantly. The maximum inhibition observed with Gung-gui-tang was reduced by 59% in the micronucleus test without metabolic activation. In this paper, results are presented on the availability of potential antimutagenic activity of the water extracts of Gung-gui-tang.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.124-132
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• 2010

This study evaluated the effects of gamma ray and electron beam (E-beam) to improve the safety of spices for meat processing. The spices (garlic powder, curry powder, turmeric powder, black pepper, white pepper, oregano, parsley, laurel leaf powder, basil, and rosemary) were irradiated by gamma ray and E-beam at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 kGy. Total bacterial populations were then enumerated on total plate count agar, and bacteria isolated from the samples were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, $D_{10}$ values for Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus inoculated in spices was determined, and the Ames test was conducted for genotoxicity analysis. The contaminated total bacterial populations in spices ranged from 1.5 to 3.8 Log CFU/g, and most of identified bacteria were Bacillus spp., and Staphylococcus spp. However, the bacterial populations decreased below the detection limit (2 Log CFU/g) after irradiation at 4 kGy except for parsley, which required 6 kGy in gamma ray and 8 kGy in E-beam to decrease total bacterial populations below detection limit. $D_{10}$ values were also higher (p<0.05) in E-beam treated samples than gamma-ray treated samples. No genotoxicity was observed in both conditions with and without metabolic activation. These results indicate that gamma ray (>4 kGy and <6 kGy) could be more useful to improve food safety of meat processing spices compared to E-beam.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.191-196
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• 2007

Indoor air differs from outdoor atmosphere since it contains chemical and physical contaminants from building materials. This study deals with the biological effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from synthetic fiber carpet materials. One group of Tradescantia inflorescence was exposed to VOCs from the carpet sample in the environmental test chamber, while the other inflorescence group was exposed to a TO-14 standard gas mixture (1 ppm) for comparison. After the exposure, VOCs from the carpet were analysed by the desorber/GC/MS method, and micronuclei in the pollen mother cells of Tradescantia were scored under a microscope $({\times}400)$ to evaluate the genotocixicity induced by the exposure to VOCs. The chemical analysis confirmed that a total of 12 VOCs were released from the carpet materials, among which stylene $(71.9{\mu}g\;m^{-3})$ and toluene $(49.6{\mu}g\;m^{-3})$ were in the highest concentration. Twenty four hours of exposure to VOCs from the carpet in the environmental test chamber resulted in a micronucleus frequency as high as $7.73{\pm}0.75MCN$ per 100 tetrads, which was similar to that induced after exposure to the TO-14 standard gas mixture (1 ppm) for 4 hours. Meanwhile, two hours of exposure to the standard gas mixture did not cause a significant increase in the genotoxicity compared to the spontaneous micronucleus frequency. This result indicates that exposure for a long time to the air contaminated with VOCs from the carpet materials causes a genotoxic effect. The biological-chemical combination analyses in the study proved to be an effective tool for monitoring the indoor air contaminants.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.263-278
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• 2013

The silkworm extract powder contain 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), a potent ${\alpha}$-glycosidase inhibitor, has therapeutic potency against diabetes mellitus. Therefore, natural products containing DNJ from mulberry leaves and silkworm are consumed as health functional food. The present study was performed to evaluate the safety of the silkworm extract powder, a health food which containing the DNJ. The repeated toxicity studies and gentic toxicity studies of the silkworm extract powder were performed to obtain the data for new functional food approval in MFDS. The safety was evaluated by a single-dose oral toxicity study and a 90 day repeated-dose oral toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats. The silkworm extract powder was also evaluated for its mutagenic potential in a battery of genetic toxicity test: in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay, in vitro chromosomal aberration test, and in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. The results of the genetic toxicology assays were negative in all of the assays. The approximate lethal dose in single oral dose toxicity study was considered to be higher than 5000 mg/kg in rats. In the 90 day study, the dose levels were wet at 0, 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg/day, and 10 animals/sex/dose were treated with oral gavage. The parameters that were monitored were clinical signs, body weights, food and water consumptions, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings, organ weights, and histopathological examination. No adverse effects were observed after the 90 day administration of the silkworm extract powder. The No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level (NOAEL) of silkworm extract powder in the 90 day study was 2000 mg/kg/day in both sexes, and no target organ was identified.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2010

Objectives : We investigated genetic toxicity of HMCO5 using the Micronucleus Test in bone marrow cells of mice and Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay in plate incorporation method according to OECD Guidelines and KFDA Guidelines. Methods : 1. Micronucleus test: The male rats were divided into 5 groups, respectively; G(1), treated with distilled water: G(2), treated with 1250mg/kg HMC05: G(3), treated with 2500mg/kg HMC05, G(4), treated with 5,000mg/kg HMC05; G(5), treated with Cyclophosphamide $H_2O$. Sterilized distilled water and HMC05 were administered for two consecutive days. Cyclophosphamide $H_2O$ was administered once on the day of 2nd administration. 2. Bacterial Reverse Mutation Aassay: Experimental groups were divided into two groups: with S-9mix(+S) or without S-9mix(-S). Each group treated with sterilized distilled water only, HMCO5(62, 185, 556, 1,667, $5,000{\mu}g$/plate) and, positive vehicles(Sodium azide, 2-Aminoanthracene, 4-Nitroquinoline N-oxide, ICR 191), respectively. Results : HMC05 did not show any changes in the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes(MNPCE) among 200 polychromatic erythrocytes compare to negative control. However, there were significant (p<0.01) increase with CPA in MNPCE. In Bacterial Reverse Mutation Aassay, no significant increases in the number of revertant colonies compared to (삭제) negative control were detected in all concentrations of HMC05. Conclusions : These results indicate that HMC05 did not show any genotoxicity against in Micronucleus test and Bacterial Reverse Mutation Aassay.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.215-224
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• 2019

As various populations are rapidly becoming an aging society worldwide and interest in health issues has increased, demand for functional foods including herbal products has increased markedly to maintain a healthy state which has led to safety issues about their intake as an inevitable result. The objective of this study was to identify the safety profile of a Korean red ginseng and Salvia plebeia R. Br. extract mixture (KGC-03-PS) which is a valuable ingredient that can be used as a functional food. In the present study, the subacute oral toxicity and bacterial reverse mutagenicity of KGC-03-PS were evaluated. Sprague Dawley rats were administered KGC-03-PS orally for 28 days by gavage. Daily KGC-03-PS dose concentrations were 0, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day. Bacterial reverse mutation test with KGC-03-PS dose levels ranging from 312.5 to $5,000{\mu}g/plate$ was carried out by OECD test guideline No. 471. Five bacterial strains (Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, and Escherichia coli WP2) were tested in the presence or absence of metabolic activation by plate incorporation method. There were no toxicological effects related with test substance in the clinical evaluation of subacute oral toxicity test including clinical signs, body weight, and food consumption. Moreover, no toxicological changes related to KGC-03-PS were observed in the hematological and serum biochemical characteristics as well as in the pathological examinations, which included organ weight measurements and in the gross- or histopathological findings. KGC-03-PS did not induce an increase in the number of revertant colonies in all bacterial strains of the bacterial reverse mutation test. The no-observed-adverse-effect level of KGC-03-PS is greater than 2,000 mg/kg bw/day, and KGC-03-PS did not induce genotoxicity related to bacterial reverse mutations under the conditions used in this study.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.237-246
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• 2020

Objectives: Capsaicin-containing (CP) pharmacopuncture was developed to treat neuropathic pain. This study was conducted to assess the toxicity of CP extract for pharmacopuncture, using a micronucleus test. Methods: First, a dose range finding study was conducted. Then an in vivo micronucleus test was performed to determine the induction of micronuclei in mouse bone marrow cells after intramuscular administration of CP twice with a 24-hour interval to 8-week-old ICR mice. A high dose of 0.2 mL/animal was selected, and this was sequentially diluted by applying a geometric ratio of 2 to produce two lower dose levels (0.1 and 0.05 mL/animal). In addition, negative and positive control groups were set up, and an HPLC analysis was conducted to confirm the capsaicin content of CP. Results: The incidence of micro-nucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in polychromatic erythrocytes in the CP-treated group was similar to that in the negative-control group, while that in the positive-control group was significantly greater. In addition, the ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes to total erythrocytes in the CP treatment group and the positive control group was not significantly different from the negative control group. In the HPLC analysis, capsaicin in the CP was identified through a comparison with the retention time of the capsaicin standard of 27 min. Conclusion: CP did not show any indication of any potential to induce micronuclei formation in bone marrow cells of ICR mice under the conditions of this study. Further toxicity studies are necessary to ensure the safety of the use of CP in clinical practice.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.219-225
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• 2014

Azadirachta indica extract (AIE) has been regarded as a promising source of environment-friendly organic materials owing to their low mammalian toxicity. However, quite a bit of research has been reported that AIE may cause clastogens in human lymphocytes. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the antimutagenic and genotoxicity of two samples of AIE. Antimutagenic test was experimented by using bacterial reverse mutation test. In the bacterial reverse mutation test, five strains Salmonella Typhimurim of two samples of AIE in order to evaluate its mutagenic potential. Bacterial reverse mutation test was also performed on positive control and negative control groups in the presence of the metabolic activation system (S-9 mix) and metabolic non-activation system. In the chromosome aberration test, Chinese hamster lung cells were exposed to AIE for 6 or 24 h with BPS, or for 6 h with S-9 mix. Negative and positive control groups were experimented for chromosome aberration test. As a result, the number of mutated colonies induced by 4-NQO were reduced by AIE treatment in all strains, indicating that AIE may have antimutagenic effects. Bacterial reverse mutation and chromosomal aberration were not shown at all concentration of AIE, regardless of activation of the metabolic system. we concluded that two AIE samples used in this study have no genotoxic effects to human, according to the genotoxicity battery system suggested by ICH (International Conference on Harmonization).