• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.288-298
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• 2004

Benzimidazole pesticide carbendazim that is effective against a wide range of fungal plant pathogens is a protective, eradicant, and systemic fungicide. For genetic toxicity evaluation of carbendazim on DNA, genes and chromosome, were investigated with chromosome aberration, bacterial reverse mutation, micronucleus test in mouse born marrow and DNA damage assay by single cell microgel electrophoresis. Substitution and frameshift mutation were not induce at variable concentration of carbendazim on Ames test with or without rat liver microsomal activation. For the result of chromosome aberration test, numerical changes of chromosome were detected at the concentrations higher than $4.0{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, but structural aberration was not induced. Positive control, Mitomycin-C and captafol made a structural aberration, but numerical change of chromosome did not appear. In the micronucleus test for mouse born marrow, carbendazim was negative, but was weak positive in DNA damage assay by single cell microgel electrophoresis because of increased DNA moving length of 20% to control.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.1446-1457
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• 2016

Wetlands exhibit intermediate characteristics of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and the biodiversity is rich in these unique biological habitats. The symbiotic relationships between plants and fungi that inhabit these wetlands play an important role in natural resource management, biodiversity, and conservation. Accordingly, the mujechi, having academic value for the study of the natural environment, was investigated in terms of genetic diversity of endophytic fungi, which inhabit the roots of wild plants. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified to identify fungal strains. In total, 226 strains were isolated and categorized into three phyla, seven classes, 10 orders, 22 families, and 31 genera. In plants by endophytic fungi were classified in Isachne globosa (Ig) to 19 genera, Scirpus karuisawensis (Sk) to 11 genera, Utricularia racemosa (Ur) to 19 genera, and one incertae sedis, Eriocaulon decemflorum (Ed) to 11 genera. The fungal taxa was identified the genera Acephala (19.9%), Tolypocladium (16.3%), Neopestalotiopsis (11.5%), and Perenniporia (7.1%). The fungal group isolated from Isachne globosa (Ig) grew the largest number of isolated fungal strains. After comprehensive evaluation, the endophytic fungal group from Utricularia racemosa (Ur) ranked highest in diversity analyses. From the roots of wild plant in mujechi-neup, it confirmed the distribution and diversity of endophytic fungi. This study provides the basic data to understand fungal community structure in peat wetlands.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.672-677
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• 1999

The saccharification and sensory characteristics of Sikhe, Korean traditional beverage of saccharified rice, made of three cultivars of pigmented rice (Suwon 415, Iksan 427, Suwon 432) were examined. During saccharification, sweetness and reducing sugar of Sikhe made of pigmented rice were observed to be lower by $0.5{\sim}2%$ and by 20%, respectively, than those of Sikhe made of white rice. The changes in pH during saccharification were not much different between Sikhe made of white rice and those made of pigmented rice. For color changes, the redness (a value) of Sikhe was measured as -0.26, 10.45, 0.88 and 0.13 for those in Sikhe made of white rice, Suwon 415, Iksan 427 and Suwon 432, respectively, when rice was saccharified for 6 hours. Sensory evaluation showed that sweetness and flavor of Sikhe made of 50% or 25% pigmented rice were similar with those of Sikhe of white rice. The overall acceptability of Sikhe made of pigmented rice was slightly lower than that of Sikhe made of white rice.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.383-390
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• 2013

Mistlero C was shown to be non-genotoxic in a series of genotoxicity tests, including a bacterial reverse mutation test and a combined in vivo mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test. In a bacterial reverse mutation assay, no significant increases in the number of revertant colonies, compared to the negative control, was detected in $5,000{\mu}g/plate$ of Mistlero C. In addition, with Mistlero C, no changes were shown in the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) among 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes compared to the negative control. Mistlero C was administered orally in rats to investigate acute toxicity. The $LD_{50}$ values in rats were above 2,000 mg/kg. In a repeated dose, 13-week, oral toxicity study conducted in rats, no compound-related adverse effects were shown at doses of Mistlero C of up to 1,000 mg/kg body weight/day. The results of these studies support the safe use of Mistlero C in food for human consumption.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.25 no.3 s.82
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• pp.202-208
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• 1997

In this study, we evaluated the use of RAPD method to discriminate among strains of Fusarium species including F. oxysporum and f. sp. of F. oxysporum. As a result of the amplication, fifteen primers showed total 180 bands ranging from 0.2 to 3 Kb. Among those 180 bands, 126 polymorphic bands were used for bionominal matrix code (0, 1), and UPGMA dendrogram analysis. Fusarium oxysporum isolate 355 showed high similarity with F. oxysporum isolate 358 at 0.9603. Fusarium roseum isolate 87 and F. oxysporum isolate 358, F. o. f. sp. lycopersici isolate 69 and F. o. f. sp. melongena 68 showed low similarity of 0.3809. Fusarium oxysporum isolate 361 and F. o. f. sp. raphani isolate 218 showed similarity of 0.8730, F. oxysoprum isolate 354 and unidentified Fusarium sp. isolate 228 showed similarity matrix of 0.7936, and F. roseum isolate 87 and F. o. f. sp. raphani isolate 57 showed similarity matrix of 0.5873.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.110-114
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• 2004

Apolipoprotein E is the major lipid-carrier protein in the brain, and several studies provided evidence that apolipoprotein E(ApoE) epsilon4 allele can be considered a genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease(AD). Inheritance of the APOE gene has three alleles: ${\varepsilon}2$, ${\varepsilon}3$ and ${\varepsilon}4$. There are six possible genotypes: ${\varepsilon}2/{\varepsilon}2$, ${\varepsilon}3/{\varepsilon}3$, ${\varepsilon}4/{\varepsilon}4$, ${\varepsilon}2/{\varepsilon}3$, ${\varepsilon}2/{\varepsilon}4$, ${\varepsilon}3/{\varepsilon}4$. AD is characterized by a progressive loss of function and death of nerve cells in several areas of the brain. The ${\varepsilon}4$ allele is associated with a risk for developing AD. People with the ${\varepsilon}4/{\varepsilon}4$ genotype have the highest risk, but people with the ${\varepsilon}2/{\varepsilon}4$ or ${\varepsilon}3/{\varepsilon}4$ genotypes are also likely to develop the disease. 64.3% of people carry the is ${\varepsilon}3/{\varepsilon}3$ genotype, 22.1% carry the second ${\varepsilon}3/{\varepsilon}4$ genotype but, ${\varepsilon}2/{\varepsilon}2$ genotype is not usually found of people carry the 3.6% is ${\varepsilon}4/{\varepsilon}4$ genotype in a total of a test group of 140 people. The ratio of ${\varepsilon}4/{\varepsilon}4$ genotype related directly with AD is less than the ${\varepsilon}3/{\varepsilon}3$ genotype, but the ${\varepsilon}2/{\varepsilon}4$ and ${\varepsilon}3/{\varepsilon}4$ genotype ratio of indirect AD risk is 25.7% in the group of people, regardless. Thus, we have referred to the benefit from the treatment of AD through apoE genotype diagnosis.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.802-809
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• 2010

Phytophthora blight of pepper is the most economically important disease in the world cultivation regions. We investigated the phytophthora blight resistance of 300 accessions of Korean landrace of hot pepper germplasms collected from 83 local regions. The disease incidence rate was checked from 7 days to 28 days at an interval of 7 days after inoculation under greenhouse conditions. Among 300 accessions, the disease incidence rate of phytophthora blight of 67 accessions of pepper germplasm was more than 60.1%, while no disease was observed in 37 accessions at 7 days after inoculation. At 28 days after inoculation, five and eleven accessions of pepper germplasm were resistance and moderate resistance to $P.$ $capsici$, respectively. Two hundred forty four susceptible accessions (81.3%) of pepper were scored as having more than 60.1% of disease incidence of phytophthora blight. This result suggests that five candidate pepper germplasm might be used as breeding resources for the phytophthora blight resistance breeding program. Also, further genetic studies should be carried out to verify this result, with the overall focus of providing information on important characteristics of pepper germplasm.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.52-58
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• 2018

In this report, we present a case study of how pharmacogenomics and pharmacometabolomics can be useful to characterize safety and pharmacokinetic profiles in early phase new drug development clinical trials. During conducting a first-in-human trial for a new molecular entity, we were able to determine the mechanism of dichotomized variability in plasma drug concentrations, which appeared closely related to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) through integrated omics analysis. The pharmacogenomics screening was performed from whole blood samples using the Affymetrix DMET (Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters) Plus microarray, and confirmation of genetic variants was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Metabolomics profiling was performed from plasma samples using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A GSTM1 null polymorphism was identified in pharmacogenomics test and the drug concentrations was higher in GSTM1 null subjects than GSTM1 functional subjects. The apparent drug clearance was 13-fold lower in GSTM1 null subjects than GSTM1 functional subjects (p < 0.001). By metabolomics analysis, we identified that the study drug was metabolized by cysteinylglycine conjugation in GSTM functional subjects but those not in GSTM1 null subjects. The incidence rate and the severity of ADRs were higher in the GSTM1 null subjects than the GSTM1 functional subjects. Through the integrated omics analysis, we could understand the mechanism of inter-individual variability in drug exposure and in adverse response. In conclusion, integrated multi-omics analysis can be useful for elucidating the various characteristics of new drug candidates in early phase clinical trials.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2003

To establish the optimal fermentation periods in the manufacture of mushroom fermentation foods using sugar, changes of quality characteristics of the mushrooms fermentation broth were investigated with changes of enzyme activity and physiological functionality during fermentation. Viscosity, L value (lightness), a value (redness) and b value (yellowness) were significantly decreased after 3 months of fermentation and after that, increased. In sensory evaluation test, unique flavors and tastes of mushrooms in the fermented broth were decreased during fermentation, whereas the other tastes and flavors were gradually increased. Overall acceptability was the highest in the 3 months of fermentation broth. ${\alpha}-Amylase$ activities of the fermented broth were significantly increased to 1 month of fermentation, however invertase and cellulose activities were low or not detected in the fermented broth. Antioxidant activities were the highest in 4 months of fermentation and after that, decreased. Tyrosinase inhibitory activities were high in all samples and they were not changed during fermentation. SOD-like activity was high in the fermentation broth of Flammulina velutipes and it was also not changed during fermentation. In conclusion, optimal fermentation periods in the manufacture of mushroom fermentation foods using sugar was 3 or 4 months.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 2011

Most clinicians understand clinical trials as the evaluation process for new medicine before their use. However, clinical trials can also be applied to laboratory diagnostic tests (LDTs) to verify diagnostic accuracy and efficacy before their clinical laboratory implementation for patients. The clinical trial of LDT has two distinctive characteristics that are different from the case of pharmaceuticals and thus worth special consideration. One of them is the level of evidence. The well-designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are known to provide the best evidence to prove the clinical efficacy of any pharmaceutical products. However, RCTs lose practicality when applied to LDTs due to various issues including ethical complications. For this reason, comparative study format is considered more feasible approach for LDTs. In addition pharmaceuticals and LDTs are different in that the user's intervention is not required for the former but critical to the latter. Moreover, in the case of pharmaceuticals, end-products are produced by manufacturers before being used by clinicians. However, in LDTs, once reagents and instruments are provided by manufacturers, they are first utilized by clinical laboratories to produce test results in order for clinicians to use them later. In other words, when it comes to LDTs, clinical laboratories play the role of manufacturers, providing reliable test results with improved quality assurance. Considering the distinctive characteristics of LDTs, we would like to offer detailed suggestions to successfully perform clinical trials in LDTs, which include analytical performance measures, clinical test performance measures, diagnostic test accuracy measures, clinical effectiveness measures, and post-implementation surveillance.