• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.24 no.1 s.79
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• pp.83-102
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of the divorce process on post-divorce adjustment. This study specifically examines the effects of the pre-divorce marital quality, perceived barriers to divorce at the time of considering divorce, and the level of everyday stress after divorce on post-divorce adjustment of men and women focused on gender differences. Data gathered from 147 men and 208 women living in Seoul and Gyeonggi province were analyzed for this study. The major findings are as follows. First, pre-divorce marital quality, perceived barriers to divorce at the time of considering divorce, and the level of everyday stress after divorce, have both positive and negative effects on post-divorce adjustment of divorced men and women depending on the stages of divorce process. Second, the relationship between various aspects of divorce process and adjustments differ according to the sub-dimension of post-divorce adjustment. Third, divorce process functions differently for divorced men and women. The results show the importance of considering the divorce process, including both pre-divorce and post-divorce circumstances in order to have a good understanding of post-divorce adjustment of men and women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.41-57
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• 2009

Evaluations of fashion products are often influenced by consumers' knowledge of the country where the products were made in. As globalization progresses, country-of-origin information is widely regarded as a powerful cue on consumers' shopping behavior. The purpose of study was to examine the consumer evaluation of apparel products with uni-national or bi-national country of origin. The effect of price level and gender were also investigated. The empirical research design took 2${\times}$2 factorial design with the country-of-origin coincidence (uni-national vs. bi-national) and price (high vs. low) of gender (male vs. female). Consumers' ethnocentrism and country-of-origin interest were taken into account as covariates in the factorial design. The consumers' evaluation of fashion products was measured in terms of brand attitudes and product attitudes. Data from 514 respondents were analyzed with t-test, one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, and ANCOVA. Results of this study affirmed the importance of price information rather than country-of-origin coincidence in brand attitudes and product attitudes. Only for male consumers, interaction effects of price and country-of-origin coincidence had significant eflects on utilitarian attitude. Effects of two covariate variables included in the study were significant for female respondents but not for male respondents.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.53-72
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• 2009

This study examined the effects of job involvement, job stress, and organizational culture on work-life harmonization of Korean employees. The data came from 481 employees in diverse organizations located in Seouland the metropolitan area. Key findings of the study were (a) job involvement was significantly different for different types of occupation and job positions, while job stress was significantly different based on gender, education, income, and the term of service; (b) perceptions of organizational culture by employees varied according to gender, age, position, the period of service, and firm size; (c) the level of work-life harmonization was not significantly different based on gender, age, marital status, education, and income - but it did differ significantly based on types of occupation and firm size; (d) the employee's type of education, job involvement, job stress, and organizational culture have effects on work-life harmonization.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.151-166
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• 2016

This study examined frequency of contact between parents and their non-coresident, never-married daughters and sons compared to children in other marital statuses. Despite an increasing number of never married adults, little is known about the extent to which they may be willing to remain connected to and exchange support with their parents. The data were drawn from first wave of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA, 2006). For analyses, respondents who had at least one non-coresident child aged 40 or older were selected, resulting in the analytic sample of 2,755 parents with 7,741 children. Both sibling fixed effects regression models and regression models with robust standard errors were estimated using the xtreg and reg procedures in STATA. Findings revealed significant marital status by gender interaction effects on face-to-face contact. Never-married daughters were more likely to see their parents compared to their married, divorced, or widowed counterparts. Never-marred sons, on the other hand, reported slightly lower levels of in-person contact with their parents in comparison to married sons and lower levels of contact compared to divorced or widowed sons. More frequent contact via phone, mail, or email was reported in daughter-parent relationship compared to son-parent relationship, but no significant marital status by gender interactions were observed.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.308-327
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• 2020

The importance of information security is increasing, and various efforts are being made to improve users' information security behaviors. Among these various efforts, information security education is mainly aimed at providing users with information security knowledge and improving information security awareness. This study classified the types of information security education into offline and online to examine the effects of each education method on attitudes toward information security (perceived severity, vulnerability, self-efficacy and response-efficacy) and information security behaviors. A survey was conducted for users with information security education experiences. The results obtained by comparing the differences in the path coefficients of personal information security behaviors according to information security education experiences showed that security behaviors were more significant in the online experience group than the offline group. In addition, gender differences were analyzed, and it was found that females had a greater impact on information security attitudes than males. This study also found that among Internet users with online information security education experience, females tend to have more information security behavior than males, but there were contrasting results among users with offline information security education experiences. The results of this study finally address the necessity of reflecting users' personalities in the systematic design of information security education in the future. Furthermore, the results of this study support the need for an appropriate education system that sufficiently understands education types to maximize the effects of information security education.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.43-54
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• 2010

This study examines the factors related to university students' positive beliefs about the consequences of maternal employment. A total of 338 university students in Seoul, Gyeong-gi, and Kyungnam area provided information about their socio-economic background, parents' employment history, achievement motivation, and gender egalitarian attitude. A two-way analysis of variance showed significant interaction effects of gender and grade on positive beliefs about the consequences of maternal employment. Multiple regression analyses by gender indicated that factors related with university students' positive beliefs about the consequences of maternal employment may differ by gender. For male students, grade, and socio-cultural gender egalitarian attitude were significantly related to positive beliefs about the consequences of maternal employment. For female students, grade, family monthly income, mother's employment during elementary school, and achievement motivation were related with positive beliefs about the consequences of maternal employment.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.51-58
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the general features of low back pain occurred in daily life. The study subjects were low back pain patients treated with physical therapy at general hospitals located in Gyeonggi-do from August 2, 2000 to march 4, 2002. Total number of distributed questionnaires were 750, and 630 questionnaires were collected and 571 questionnaires were collected analysed finally. The results were follows: 1. Regardless of gender, in the duration of low back pain, from 12 month to 35 month showed the highest rate, 34.1% of answerers. 2. Regardless of gender, in the season of incidence of low back pain, winter showed the highest rate, 33.8% of answerers. 3. Regardless of gender, in the time of incidence of low back pain in a day, after daily work showed the highest rate, 32.5% of answerers. 4. Regardless of gender, in the position of incidence of low back pain, from bending the body to straighten the body showed the highest rate, 32.5% of answerers. 5. Regardless of gender, 49.6% of low back pain patients answered that want to hospital for treatment 6. Regardless of gender, 97.5% of patients is answered that want to be physical therapy. 7. In the question of the effects for physical therapy, 92.2% of patients is answered that was effective.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.219-232
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among mothers' play beliefs, children's gender and home play frequency, and their preferences for three types of play. Methods: Totally 256 mothers of 5-year-olds participated in the survey in metropolitan area. Data were analyzed with t-test, Pearson's correlations, and stepwise multi-regression using SPSS 22.0. Results: First, boys and girls showed little difference in their home play experiences. Boys preferred active and rough play, while girls preferred quiet play. Second, mothers' play beliefs and children's home play frequency had partial correlations with children's play preferences. Third, predictors of children's play preferences were influenced by the types of play. Children's gender and mothers' play beliefs affected children's preference for active play. Only gender explained children's preference for rough play. Finally, children's gender, home play frequency, and mothers' play beliefs influence children's preference for quiet play. Conclusion: In conclusion, gender is an important factor of children's play preferences, and mothers' play beliefs and children's home play frequency affect their preferences for a specific type of play.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.117-124
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• 2015

This paper investigates the acoustic characteristics of English fricatives in the TIMIT corpus, with a special focus on the role of gender in rendering fricatives in American English. The TIMIT database includes 630 talkers and 2342 different sentences, comprising over five hours of speech. Acoustic analyses are conducted in the domain of spectral and temporal properties by treating gender as an independent factor. The results of acoustic analyses revealed that the most acoustic properties of voiceless sibilants turned out to be different between male and female speakers, but those of voiceless non-sibilants did not show differences. A classification experiment using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) revealed that 85.73% of voiceless fricatives are correctly classified. The sibilants are 88.61% correctly classified, whereas the non-sibilants are only 57.91% correctly classified. The majority of the errors are from the misclassification of /ɵ/ as [f]. The average accuracy of gender classification is 77.67%. Most of the inaccuracy results are from the classification of female speakers in non-sibilants. The results are accounted for by resorting to biological differences as well as macro-social factors. The paper contributes to the understanding of the role of gender in a large-scale speech corpus.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.49-57
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• 2020

We have not identified on what gender difference during gait at a pace of one's preferred velocity effects on the function of bilateral lower limb. This study was undertaken to investigate a difference of gait strategy by gender during gait at a one's preferred velocity of participants of adult male and female (n=20). Cinematographic data for motion analysis, ground reaction force (GRF) variables, and muscle volume of lower limb were analyzed. Significant difference of variables on movement of center of mass whole body, joint angle and moment of lower limb, and ground reaction force were tested by 2-way ANOVA analysis (P<0.05). Male group showed more muscle volume than female, and both showed more volume in dominant leg than non-dominant. Main effect by bilateral leg during gait showed higher difference in right than left leg in change of vertical position of center of mass (maximal, minimal). Main effect by gender in vertical change of position and velocity of center of mass showed higher difference in male than female (maximal, minimal). Hip joint showed more flexed and extended angle in male than female, and also dorsiflexion of ankle and flexion moment of knee and hip joint showed higher in male than female group. Therefore, this result was assumed that dominant showed furthermore more contribution for propulsive function than non-dominant leg. Gender difference showed in strategy controlling of biomechanical characteristics, and perhaps influenced by muscle volume.