• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.1107-1118
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• 2007

This study explored the consistency of bullying, victimization and aggressive victimization, the relationships between bullying, victimization and aggressive victimization and overt/relational aggression, and the relationships between bullying groups and overt/relational aggression with gender. The subjects were 4th grade children and 2 years later they were contacted again. Instruments were the Bully-Behavior Scale, the Peer-Victimization Scale and the Peer Nomination Instrument. Bullying, victimization and aggressive victimization were decreased while there were consistencies in overt and relational aggression from 4th to 6th grade. In the correlation analysis, male victims at Time 1 were negatively related to overt and relational aggression at both Time 1 and Time 2. Female bullies were positively related to relational aggression at both Time 1 and Time 2. In the cross-sectional relations of overt aggression with bullying groups, there was a gender difference. In the relational aggression with bullying groups, only bullying groups had a significant difference. In the longitudinal relations of overt aggression with bullying groups, only gender had a significant difference. Males appeared to be more overtly aggressive than females. In the relational aggression, bullying groups, gender, and the interaction between bullying groups and gender had significant differences. Female bullies were more likely to be relationally aggressive than other groups.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.80-91
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate stress and health recognition in Korean medical student by gender. Methods: 393 Korean medical student participated in this study. They were surveyed demographic characteristics(gender, age, drinking, morning diet, health recognition and etc), medical stress scale, Maslachh burnout inventory, Korea acceptance and action, and Ego Resilience Scale. For statistical analysis, chi-square test, Student t-test, correlation analysis, and simple regression analysis has been used. Results: In Medical stress scale and ego resilience, it is not significant difference by gender. Female students were significantly higher than male students in Maslach burnout inventory(P=0.015). Male students were significantly higher than female students in Korea Acceptance and Action(P=0.002). Health recognition have negative correlation between medical stress and academic exhaustion, and positive correlation between psychological flexibility and ego resilience. Conclusions: Through these results, we need to further study and develop strategies to reduce stress according to gender in Korean medical college.

• 음성과학
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.103-116
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• 2003

This study examines whether gender influences voice cessation time (voicing duration) of lax (voiced) obstruents. Females more frequently show a posterior glottal opening throughout a vibratory cycle and have larger open quotients and less vocal fold contact than males. The gender differences imply that females can yield less voicing in their speech. In line with this, we hypothesized that the male voice is more voiced than the female voice in intervocalic lax (voiced) obstruents. This hypothesis was supported by the results of the present experiment, i.e., males exhibited significantly longer voicing and higher percentage of voicing relative to consonant duration than females during the intervocalic lax obstruents /p, t, k, c/ of Korean. Based on the results and the literature review, it is further hypothesized that the vocal folds are more likely adducted for males while abducted for females. The experimental data also indicated that males speak faster than females.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.65-75
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• 2011

This study attempts to examine family attitudes and gender role divisions of married women in contemporary Vietnam and Korea. Drawing data from the 2003 Vietnam Family Study and the 2005 Korean Marriage and Fertility Study, this study investigated 1) attitudes of married women toward marriage, cohabitation, divorce, and having children, 2) decision making on household expenditures, and 3) household work division between husband and wife. The results showed that married Korean women were less inclined toward traditional family attitudes regarding marriage and children than married Vietnamese women. Decision on routine household expenditures was made and household work was done mostly by the wife in the two countries. In comparison, married Vietnamese men took more responsibilities for important financial decisions and child education than married Korean men. These overall findings imply that patriarchical family and gender role norms were preserved to larger extent in contemporary Vietnam than in Korea.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.59-71
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• 2002

This study investigated the self wrapping made possible through the anonymity of cuber-space. According to the analysis of the data, which were collected from the online for 2 days, 2,168 respondents were grouped into three types: Those maintaining the strong sense of identity achievement), 53.8%, those experiencing confusion(identity diffusion), 38.3%, and those losing the sense of identity(foreclosure), 7.9%. Among the general respondents, it was reported that the case of sex wrapping was 11.4%, that of occupation, 40.1%, and that of marital status, 60.6%. Specially 11.4% of the sex wrapper took heterogeneous gender identity, while 7% performed dual sex roles. The rate of gender wrapping of female respondents was higher than that of male ones, which reflects female respondents' longing for male sex. Self-disparity between cyber-space and virtual-space was related with the type of self-identity and gender-identity. The rate of self-disparity between cuber-space and virtual-space was 9%. If it occurred continuously, it may cause individual mental division and maladjustment.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제41권9호
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• pp.135-148
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of clothing colors, clothing styles on women's body image perception. The experimental design was 2${\times}$2${\times}$9(perceiver's gender ${\times}$clothing styles${\times}$clothing colors) factorial design with between-subjects design. Subjects were 320 college students in the metropolitan area of Seoul. Perceiver's gender, clothing styles, and clothing colors gave a significant influence on the 3 variables of shoulder, the upper half of the body, and bust. Shoulder and the upper half of the body had an interaction effect by clothing styles and clothing color. Perceiver's gender gave a significant influence on hip size, length of leg, height, clothing styles did a significant influence on hip size, length of leg, height, and slender figure. Clothing colors gave a significant influence on length of leg, height, and slender figure. Length of leg and slender figure had an interaction effect by perceiver's gender and clothing styles. Hip size had an interaction effect by perceiver's gender and clothing color. Hip size had an interaction effect by clothing styles and clothing color. The results of this study support that coloration of clothing and clothing style affects perception of stimulus persons wearing apparel.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제60권1호
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• pp.67-74
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• 2017

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of and the relevant risk factors for lumbar spondylosis (LS) among middle-aged and elderly rural Korean residents and to explore the association between radiographic LS and lower back pain (LBP) in relation to age and gender. Methods : This community-based, cross-sectional study evaluated 1512 subjects with available radiograph. The prevalence of LBP was obtained using a questionnaire and disability resulting from LBP was measured using a validated Korean version of the Oswestry disability index (ODI). In lumbar spine radiographs, vertebral levels from L1/2 to L4/5 were evaluated for the presence of osteophytes and joint-space narrowing (JSN), and Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grading was applied. Results : Of 4261 subjects aged 40-79 years, data from 1512 subjects were included. The prevalence of radiographic LS indicated by grade ${\geq}2$ osteophytes and JSN were 53.9 and 15.8%, respectively. Seventy-three percent of subjects had KL grade ${\geq}2$ spondylosis and LBP was present in 36.5% of subjects. Although LS was more common among males, the prevalence of LBP was higher among females. Age, male gender and history of hand or knee arthritis were risk factors for LS. LS was significantly associated with LBP mostly among females over 60 years old and correlated with the ODI after adjusting for age and gender. Conclusion : Our study among rural Korean residents revealed a high prevalence of LS and LBP. The association between LS and LBP was observed mostly among females and LS was significantly correlated with the severity of back pain.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.64-71
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• 2014

This study empirically compares the influence of sex-appeal fashion Point-of-Purchase (POP) types on attitude towards advertising. It also highlights the moderating roles of gender and the level of sensation seeking. Three sex-appeal fashion POP types (nude/semi-nude/body conscious) were developed for this study and the interaction effect of the types of sex-appeal fashion POP advertising and gender was tested. In addition, interaction effect of the types of sex-appeal fashion POP advertising and the level of sensation seeking (high/low) was tested. The results found that gender influenced consumer attitudes toward sex-appeal fashion POP advertising type. Male consumers showed a more favorable attitude toward advertising for the nude type than others; however, female consumers showed a more favorable attitude toward advertising for semi-nude and body conscious type than the nude type. The results also found a significant two-way interaction effect of sexual POP advertising types and sensation seeking on attitude toward POP advertising. High sensation seekers preferred nude and semi-nude type POP advertising to body conscious POP advertising. It is useful to investigate how various marketing factors support attitude toward POP advertising in the context of sexual fashion POP advertising and which factors exert the strongest influence within different degrees of nudity.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2016

본 연구는 소셜 네트워크 사이트 이용과 사회적 자본 사이의 관계가 성별과 지역에 따라 어떻게 차이가 나는가에 대해 조사해보고자 했다. 한국 청소년들로부터 수집된 자료를 분석함으로써 유의미한 성별과 지역별 차이를 발견할 수 있었다. 특히 도시에 거주하는 남자 청소년들의 경우, 소셜 네트워크 사이트의 이용은 결속적 그리고 교량적 사회자본에 부정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 이러한 연구결과는 청소년들의 소셜 네트워크 사이트 사용이 청소년들의 개인적인 인간관계에 미치는 영향을 이해하는데 도움을 줄 것이다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.73-79
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• 2016

Purpose - Customer satisfaction has been considered important as a way to retain current customers. Specifically, the retention of current customers through customer satisfaction has been considered important in an industry where competition between companies is fierce. Major Korean airlines have confronted fierce competition with the growth of low cost carriers (LCCs). In order to survive, these airlines need to retain their customers. This research aims to investigate the relationships between customer satisfaction and the customer intention to remain loyal. Moreover, this study examines how the influence of customer satisfaction on customer loyalty is moderated by gender. Research design, data, and methodology - A regression model is developed in which customer satisfaction, gender, and an interaction of satisfaction and gender are predictors and the customer's intention to remain loyal is a dependent variable. To analyze this research model, data were collected from 402 university students taking a marketing class in universities in Seoul, Chung-Cheong province, and Kangwon province. After eliminating data from students who had never flown and data with missing values, a final sample of 201 was analyzed. The hypotheses were tested using SPSS 21.0. Internal reliability was supported by the results of Cronbach's α. Multiple regression was performed. Results - Empirical results showed that customer satisfaction toward the airline's service had a positive influence on the customer intention to remain loyal to the airlines. Moreover, this influence was moderated by gender. More specifically, a male customer's intention to remain loyal was more determined by his satisfaction toward airline service than a female customer's. Conclusions - This research contributes to the aviation service marketing literature by showing how customer satisfaction influences customer intention to remain loyal and how this influence is moderated by gender. More specifically, male customer loyalty is more determined by airline service satisfaction than female customers. These results have manager implications for major Korean airlines in terms of customer satisfaction and gender as ways to enhance customer retention.