• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1175-1181
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• 2014

This study was conducted to develop for the elderly food that is safe, well-shaped, and easy to chew and swallow, using gelification. Gelatin, which has low adhesiveness, thereby lowering the possibility of being swallowed wrongly into the respiratory track, was used as a viscosity agent for the gelification. Water and gelatin amounts were adjusted to facilitate breaking the food with the tongue. Various foods for the elderly with chewing and swallowing difficulties were used for sensory assessment. Sensory panel consisted of 10 dietitians (10 women) in nursing care facilities. The sensory optimal composite recipes were determined by central composite design (CCD). The sensory measurements were significantly different in appearance (p<0.05), saltiness (p<0.05), sweetness (p<0.01), and overall quality (p<0.05). The optimum formulation of the Korean barbecue beef calculated by numerical and graphical method was 3.71 g of sugar and 19.53 g of soy sauce. Moisture content, hardness and adhesiveness of the Korean barbecue beef were 78.85%, 2.40, -1.87, respectively. The result shows that food for the elderly, which is easy to chew and swallow, using gelification will have sufficient competitiveness in terms of safety, taste, and preference. The development of food for the elderly that take into account the difficulties in chewing and swallowing among the elderly, reflects their preference, and has sufficient nutrients, is important to enable the elderly to enjoy their meals. Also, as the Korean society is getting older, it remains one of the biggest social challenges.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.420-424
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTS: When the functions involved in the ingestion of food occurs failure, not only loss of enjoyment of eating, it will be faced with protein-energy malnutrition. Dysmasesis and difficulty of swallowing occurs in various diseases, but it may be a major cause of aging, and elderly people with authoring and dysmasesis and difficulty of swallowing in the aging society is expected to increase rapidly. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In this study, we carried out a survey targeting nutritionists who work in elderly care facilities, and examined characteristics of offering of foods for elderly and the degree of demand of development of easily chewable and swallowable foods for the elderly who can crush foods and take that by their own tongues, and sometimes have difficulty in drinking water and tea. RESULTS: In elderly care facilities, it was found to provide a finely chopped food or ground food that was ground with water in a blender for elderly with dysmasesis. Elderly satisfaction of provided foods is appeared overall low. Results of investigating the applicability of foods for elderly and the reflection will of menus, were showed the highest response rate in a gelification method in molecular gastronomic science technics, and results of investigating the frequent food of the elderly; representative menu of beef, pork, white fish, anchovies and spinach, were showed Korean barbecue beef, hot pepper paste stir fried pork, pan fried white fish, stir fried anchovy, seasoned spinach were the highest offer frequency. CONCLUSIONS: This study will provide the fundamentals of the development of easily chewable and swallowable foods, gelification, for the elderly. The study will also illustrate that, in the elderly, food undergone gelification will reduce the risk of swallowing down to the wrong pipe and improve overall food preference.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2011.04a
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• pp.337-340
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• 2011

This study investigates the rheological characteristics of $SiO_2$-Kerosene gel propellants with Aerosil(R) R972, Silica 230, Silica 530. Power-law rheological model is used to confirm whether or not gelification is achieved. It was found that the produced gel have shear-thinning effect, and that the viscosity of the gel propellants increases with increasing $SiO_2$ concentration. Among gellants used in this study, gel propellant with Aerosil(R) R972 fits most to the power law model as the shear rate increases. However, gels produced with Silica 230 and Silica 530 gellant deviate from the power law model when the shear rate regime is below 100 [1/s].

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.480-485
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• 2016

This study was conducted to develop food for the elderly, which is easier to chew and swallow, using gelification. Various foods for the elderly with chewing and swallowing difficulties were used for sensory assessment. The sensory panel consisted of 10 dieticians (10 women) working in nursing care facilities. The sensory optimal composite recipes were determined by the central composite design (CCD). The optimum formulation of hot pepper paste stir fried pork calculated by the numerical and graphical method was 1.48 g of sugar and 18.97 g of hot pepper paste. The optimum formulation of seasoned spinach was 8.0 g of sesame oil and 5.41 g of soy sauce. Moisture content, hardness, and adhesiveness of hot pepper paste stir fried pork was 76.49%, 2.50, and -1.20, respectively. Moisture content, hardness, and adhesiveness of seasoned spinach was 83.48%, 2.27, and -1.17, respectively. This study provides the basic materials for the development of easily chewable and swallowable foods for the elderly, which can reduce the risk of food going down the wrong pipe, and the preference can be improved by eating solid food instead of porridge or liquid food. The development of food for the elderly, which takes the difficulties in chewing and swallowing among the elderly into consideration and reflects their preference and has sufficient amount of nutrients, is important to enable the elderly to enjoy their meals and it is one of the biggest challenges in Korea, as Korean society is aging rapidly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.23-31
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• 2012

Present work deals three families of $SiO_2$ gelling agents which have been used to produce gel fuel based on Kerosene. Jet A-1 is chosen as fuel where power-law rheological model is used to confirm whether or not the gelification is achieved depending on the %wt of gellant. It was confirmed that the produced jelly-like substance have shear-thinning effect, and that its apparent viscosity increases as $SiO_2$ concentration increases. Compared to other gellants, gel with Aerosil(R) R972 fits most to the power-law model, while gels with Silica 230 and Silica 530 deviate from the power-law model. The rheological characteristics behaved differently depending on the mixing method(vortex mixing and manual mixing) when gellant concentration is increased.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.177-182
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• 1986

The dynamic mechanical properties of milk gel were examined as function of temperature, concentrations of milk and enzyme. The real and imaginary parts of the complex rigdity G' and G' were measured at $2\%$ strain and 5 rad/s of frequency. The results showed that the rigidity of milk gel was dependent on the concentration of milk (C) in such a way that $\sqrt{G'}{\propto}C$. It was found that gel point ($t_g$) was dependent on the concentration of milk as $t_g{\propto}C$, and on the concentration of enzyme as $t_g{\propto}\;1/(E)$, The activation energy of enzymatic reaction stage and coagulation stage were $21.1{\pm}5.8\;kcal/mol$ and $26.4{\pm}1.14\;kcal/mol$, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.189-195
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• 2015

Failure of the functions involved in ingestion leads to, not only loss of enjoyment of eating, but also protein-energy malnutrition. Dysmasesis and difficulty of swallowing occurs in various diseases, but aging is a major cause. In the aging society, the proportion of elderly people with dysmasesis and difficulty of swallowing is expected to increase rapidly. Developing foods for the elderly that are easy to chew and swallow is thus required. This study was conducted to develop easily chewable and swallowable foods for the elderly who can crush foods and ingest with their own tongues, but occasionally have difficulty in drinking fluids such as water and tea. Various foods for the elderly with chewing and swallowing difficulties were used for sensory assessment. The sensory panel consisted of 10 dietitians (10 women) in nursing care facilities. The sensory optimal composite recipes were determined by central composite design (CCD). The sensory measurements were significantly different in saltiness (p<0.05), sweetness (p<0.05), and overall quality (p<0.05). The optimum formulation of stir fried anchovy calculated by numerical and graphical methods was 3.74 g of soy sauces and 30.17 g of oligo-saccharides. Stir fried anchovy had a moisture content, hardness and adhesiveness of 76.52%, 2.10, and -1.57, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.153-159
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• 2015

This study was conducted to develop food for the elderly, which are well-shaped and easy to chew and swallow. The amounts of water and gelatin were adjusted to facilitate breaking down of the food with the tongue. In the aging society, it is necessary to support the development of a variety of products that can ease the intake functions of swallowing and chewing, while complementing with the essential nutrients supplements; such products can be actively commercialized in the elderly industry. Various types of food, for elderly with difficulties in chewing and swallowing, were used for sensory assessment. Sensory panel consisted of 10 dietitians (10 women) in nursing care facilities. The sensory optimal composite recipes were determined by central composite design (CCD). The sensory measurements were significantly different in the appearance (p<0.01), saltiness (p<0.01) and overall quality (p<0.01). The optimum formulation of pan fried flat fish, calculated by numerical and graphical method, was 8.54 g of salt and 6.34 g of olive oil. Moisture content, hardness, and adhesiveness of pan fried flat fish were 84.77%, 250, and -1.20, respectively. The result showed that easily chewable and swallowable pan fried flat fish for the elderly will have sufficient competitiveness, considering its safety, taste, and preference. This study may provide the basic materials for the development of easily chewable and swallowable foods for elderly.