• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.215-220
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• 2004

Using light microscopy, the digestive tract of the parrot fish, Oplegnathus fasciatus was studied histologically. The tract consists of esophagus, stomach, intestine and fifty or sixty pyloric caecae. Each pyloric caecum is a blind sac of banana shape, and is originated from pyloric end of the stomach. The relative length of gut (RLG), that is length of digestive tract to standard length, is 1.78 (n=30). Esophagus has an undeveloped submucosa and a well developed muscularis mucosae. Its mucosa displays primary and secondary folds lined with a cuboidal or columnar epithelium and numerous acidic mucous secretory cells. The stomach has muscularis, which consists of longitudinal and circular muscular layers; its submucosa and muscularis mucosae are well developed. Only primary folds are present in the stomach. Microvilli are present in the epithelial layer. The stomach has a well-developed gastric gland and relatively more secretory granules. Mucosal epithelium of the pyloric caeca is composed of neutral mucous secretory cells and columnar epithelium with developed microvilli in the apical portion. Using the morphological and histological features, the intestine may be divided into anterior, mid and posterior parts. It has an advanced striated border and abundant acidic mucous secretory cells and some neutral mucous secretory cells. The mid intestine has more abundant acidic mucous secretory cells than the anterior and posterior parts. A thick longitudinal muscle is formed in the intestine and its thickness is progressively increased towards the posterior end.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.207-215
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• 1998

Just after hatching the embryo has a yolk sac and straighted digestive tract. Just after parturition in 5.0mm TL the mouth and anus were opened. In the larval stage of 5.2mm TL, digestive tract could be divided into pharynx, esophagus, stomach, pyloric caeca and intestine of the early differentiated state. The esophagus of larvae in 5.3mm TL has a PAS positive mucous cell. From over 5.7mm TL, PAS positive goblet cell recognized in the intestine. PAS positive absorptive cell began to appear in the intestine from 5.9mm TL. Yolky materials were absorbed completely in 6.0mm TL. In the larvae of B.5mm TL, gastric glands were observed in the mucosa, but the surface epithelium did not have PAS positive granules. From over 9.0mm TL, the histological structure of esophagus showed similar to adult. In the juvenile stage from 13.0mm to 15.0mm TL, histological structure of the stomach, pyloric caeca and intestine showed similar to adult. From the ultrastructural and histochemical study, it is concluded that the functional digestive tract is present in the juvenile stage from 18.0mm to 20.0mm TL.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2014

DA-6034, a eupatilin derivative of flavonoid, has shown potent effects on the protection of gastric mucosa and induced the increases in fluid and glycoprotein secretion in human and rat corneal and conjunctival cells, suggesting that it might be considered as a drug for the treatment of dry eye. However, whether DA-6034 induces $Ca^{2+}$ signaling and its underlying mechanism in epithelial cells are not known. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism for actions of DA-6034 in $Ca^{2+}$ signaling pathways of the epithelial cells (conjunctival and corneal cells) from human donor eyes and mouse salivary gland epithelial cells. DA-6034 activated $Ca^{2+}$-activated $Cl^-$ channels (CaCCs) and increased intracellular calcium concentrations ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) in primary cultured human conjunctival cells. DA-6034 also increased $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ in mouse salivary gland cells and human corneal epithelial cells. $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase of DA-6034 was dependent on the $Ca^{2+}$ entry from extracellular and $Ca^{2+}$ release from internal $Ca^{2+}$ stores. Interestingly, these effects of DA-6034 were related to ryanodine receptors (RyRs) but not phospholipase C/inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate ($IP_3$) pathway and lysosomal $Ca^{2+}$ stores. These results suggest that DA-6034 induces $Ca^{2+}$ signaling via extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ entry and RyRs-sensitive $Ca^{2+}$ release from internal $Ca^{2+}$ stores in epithelial cells.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 2011

Loperamide-induced constipation reduced gastric emptying, small-intestinal and colonic motility, and these effects were prevented by Actindia chinensis(Gold Kiwi Fruit, GKF). In this study, the effects of Actindia chinensis on constipated male Sprague-Dawley rats induced by loperamide(2 mg/kg, s.c.,5 days) were investigated. Rats were randomly assigned to the normal control rats(regular diet), constipated rats(regular diet plus loperamide), constipated rats treated with 2.5% GKF(regular diet supplemented with 2.5% GKF plus loperamide), constipated rats treated with 5% GKF (regular diet supplemented with 5% GKF plus loperamide). There was less fecal excretion and lower fecal water content in loperamide-treated rats than in control rats. Oral administration of GKF blocked the decrease of fecal excretion and fecal water content in the loperamide-treated rats. Mucus production of crypt cell and mucus contents at fecal and mucosa surface were reduced by loperamide-treated rat. But colonic crypt cell contained increased mucin in the GKF treated group and mucus layer stained with alcian blue was significantly thicker in GKF treated rats compared with in loperamide-treated rats. In isolated rat ileum, loperamide produced inhibition of ileal motility. Pretreatment with methanolic extracts of GKF in isolated rat ileum prevented inhibition by loperamide. These findings indicated that the GKF was effective for alleviation of inhibition of colonic peristalsis by loperamide and that GKF might be of value in the prevention of constipation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.769-777
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• 2004

A Helicobacter pylori urease inhibitor from Rubus coreanus Miquel has been isolated and partially characterized for aiming to Prevent H. pylori growth and decrease harmful accumulation of ammonia in human gastric mucosa. We screened urease inhibitory activities in 519 extracts library prepared by solvent extraction from 173 kinds of edible plants, medicinal herbs, herbs and seaweeds using a colorimetric urease assay system. As results of primary and secondary screening, 70% acetone extract of Rubus coreanus Miquel was selected as potent candidate, showing about 24% inhibitory activity. The acetone extract was sequentially partitioned into RCE/RCWI and RCB/RCW2 layers with ethyl acetate and butanol. The major active component in RCW2, water layer from butanol fractionation was revealed to be peptidic or proteinous substance by inhibitory activity determination after pronase digestion and periodate oxidation. RCW2-IIIc a was isolated by sequential column chromatography on DEAE-Toyopearl 650C, Butrl-Toyopearl 650M and Sephadex LH-20. The isolated urease inhibitor RCW2-IIIc $\alpha$, was highly pure proteinous substance with molecular weight of 13kDa by high-performance gel permeation liquid chromatography. RCW2-IIIc$\alpha$ has about 5 times higher inhibitory activity than 70％ acetone extract, showing high stability against heat treatment and peptic digestion.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.740-752
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• 2023

Objective: Dietary phytase increases bioavailability of phytate-bound phosphorus (P) in pig nutrition affecting dietary calcium (Ca) to P ratio, intestinal uptake, and systemic utilization of both minerals, which may contribute to improper bone mineralization. We used phytase to assess long-term effects of two dietary available P (aP) levels using a one-phase feeding system on gene expression related to Ca and P homeostasis along the intestinal tract and in the kidney, short-chain fatty acids in stomach, cecum, and colon, serum, and bone parameters in growing gilts and barrows. Methods: Growing pigs (37.9±6.2 kg) had either free access to a diet without (Con; 75 gilts and 69 barrows) or with phytase (650 phytase units; n = 72/diet) for 56 days. Samples of blood, duodenal, jejunal, ileal, cecal, and colonic mucosa and digesta, kidney, and metacarpal bones were collected from 24 pigs (6 gilts and 6 barrows per diet). Results: Phytase decreased daily feed intake and average daily gain, whereas aP intake increased with phytase versus Con diet (p<0.05). Gilts had higher colonic expression of TRPV5, CDH1, CLDN4, ZO1, and OCLN and renal expression of TRPV5 and SLC34A3 compared to barrows (p<0.05). Phytase increased duodenal expression of TRPV5, TRPV6, CALB1, PMCA1b, CDH1, CLDN4, ZO1, and OCLN compared to Con diet (p<0.05). Furthermore, phytase increased expression of SCL34A2 in cecum and of FGF23 and CLDN4 in colon compared to Con diet (p<0.05). Alongside, phytase decreased gastric propionate, cecal valerate, and colonic caproate versus Con diet (p<0.05). Phytase reduced cortical wall thickness and index of metacarpal bones (p<0.05). Conclusion: Gene expression results suggested an intestinal adaptation to increased dietary aP amount by increasing duodenal trans- and paracellular Ca absorption to balance the systemically available Ca and P levels, whereas no adaption of relevant gene expression in kidney occurred. Greater average daily gain in barrows related to higher feed intake.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1981.05a
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• pp.5.3-6
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• 1981

There are too many kinds of esophageal corrosive agents, such as sodium hydrochloride, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, etc. Esophageal burn due to above chemical agents are decreasing recently, but still many patients visited to the hospital because of swallowing corrosive agents for the purpose of suicide or accidentally. Among the treatment of corrosive injury of the esophagus, prevention of esophageal stricture is the key point. Recently various methods are using as the treatment of corrosive esophagitis and prevention of esophageal stricture. 51 cases of corrosive injury of the esophagus who had been admitted and treated at the Dept. of Otolaryngology, Han Yang University Hospital during past 9 years (from May 1972 to Dec. 1980) were evaluated and report the result about age distribution, sex incidence, monthly distribution, cause of swallowing, swallowing agents, arriving time at hospital after swallowing, changes on oral and pharyngeal mucosa, laboratory findings, emergency treatment and treatment during admission, treatment follow up results and complications with review of liter ature. Following results were obtained; 1. Female patients 27 cases (52.9%) were more than male patients 24 cases (47.1%) and its ratio was 1.13 : 1. 2. Age distribution showed predilection for age of 21-30 with 20 cases(39.2%), and 11-20 with 11 cases (21.6%), 31-40 with 7 cases(13.7%), over 50 with 7 cases (13.7%) were following. 3. Monthly distribution showed predilection for March with 8 cases(15.7%), and April, July with 7 cases (13.7%), September with 6 cases(l1.8%), October 5 cases(9.8%) were following. 4. For the purpose of suicide was the most cause of swallowing with 40 cases(78.4%), and accidentally swallowing 11 cases(21.6%). 5. Acetic acid was the most swallowing agent with 24 cases (47.0%), and hydrochloric acid 11 cases (21.5%), lye 8 cases(15.7%), iodine 2 cases(3.9%) were following. 6. Arriving time at the hospital after swallowing showed predilection for within 12 hours with 42 cases (82.4%), and from 12 hours to 24 hours with 4 cases(7.8%) was next. 7. Moderate change with injection and swelling was the prevalent change on oral and pharyngeal mucosa with 20 cases(39.2%) and severe cases with ulceration 18 cases (35.3%), mild cases with injection 10 cases (19.6%) were following. 8. Leukocytosis was seen on 40 cases (78.4%), and increased Hct. was seen 31 cases (60.8%). On urine analysis, 14 cases(27.5%) showed over 1.030 S.G., and proteinuria was seen on 25 cases(49.0%), glycosuria was seen on 5 cases(9.8%) and hematuria was seen on 6 cases(11.8). 9. Gastric lavage was done on 30 cases (58.8%) as emergency treatment and on 3 cases(5.9%) tracheostomy was done for the airway keeping. 10. As methods of treatment during admission, L-tube insertion was done on 50 cases (98.0%), antibiotics was given to 49 cases (96.1%), steroid and antacid were given to 46 cases(90.2%). 11. 36 cases(70.6%) were in favorable condition after proper treatment, but 2 cases (3.9%) were expired during admission, 4 cases (7.8%) showed esophageal stricture in-spite of treatment, and 1 case(2.0%) showed pyloric stenosis. 12. Complications were observed in 8 cases (17.7%). Renal failure (4 cases), aspiration pneumonia (2 cases), upper G-I bleeding (1 cases), and diabetic coma (1 cases) were seen in order of frequency.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 1998

Purpose: It is well known that duodenal ulcer disease does not relapse if H. pylori is cleared from the gastric mucosa. Little is known about the recurrence of duodenal ulcer in children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the eradication of H. pylori in duodenal ulcer in children upon the duodenal ulcer recurrence. Methods: 105 patients (M:F=78:27) diagnosed as duodenal ulcer by endoscopy in 1987~1995 were reviewed clinically, and were parted into two groups. The two treatment groups were ranitidine/antacid (RAN/ANT) and ranitidine/amoxicillin/denol (RAN/AMX/D). The latter was for H. pylori-positive children with duodenal ulcer who were diagnosed by serology and/or antral biopsies for histology, culture, and urease testing. The recurrence rates were compared between the two groups. Results: 1) 30 patients with primary duodenal ulcer underwent endoscopy for H. pylori and 27 (90.0%) of them were positive for H. pylori. 2) 27 of H. pylori-positive children received RAN/AMX/D. 23(85.2%) of them showed cure of duodenal ulcer and eradication of H. pylori. 3) The duodenal ulcer recurrence rate in RAN/ANT group was 65.3% and the rate in RAN/AMX/D was 4.3% by a year. Conclusions: There is a strong correlation between the duodenal ulceration and H. pylori infection in children, and the eradication of H. pylori in duodenal ulcer patients reduces the recurrence of the ulcer. Because of the low incidence of duodenal ulcers in children, a multicenter prospective study is required to determine the effect of treating H. pylori infetion on the long term natural history of duodenal ulcer disease.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.193-199
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• 2006

Purpose: The proper diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum (MD) is difficult and delayed because of the variety of clinical manifestations. We reviewed clinical characteristics of symptomatic MD to facilitate early detection. Methods: We analyzed retrospectively the clinical manifestations, diagnostic tools, histopathological findings, and operative findings in 58 patients with symptomatic MD. Results: The male to female ratio was 2.8 : 1. The most common symptom of MD was bleeding. Others symptoms included: vomiting, abdominal pain, irritability, abdominal distension and fever in the order of frequency. The clinical manifestations of symptomatic MD were lower gastrointestinal bleeding, intestinal obstruction, perforation, diverticulitis and hemoperitoneum, in the order of frequency. The causes of intestinal obstruction were intussusception, internal hernia, band, volvulus, invagination, in the order of frequency. Seventy five percent of patient with MD were diagnosed prior to 5 years of age. The most frequently used diagnostic tool was the Meckel's scan. The diverticulum was located 2 cm to 120 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve. The length of the diverticulum ranged from 1 cm to 10 cm and 94% were less than 5 cm. The most common ectopic tissue found in the MD was gastric mucosa. Ileal resection was more frequently performed than diverticulectomy. Conclusion: In cases of unexplained gastrointestinal bleeding, obstruction and repeated intussusception, the meckel's scan, ultrasound and computed tomography shoud be considered to rule out MD, and if clinically necessary, an exploratory laparotomy when needed.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.18-27
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• 2001

Purpose: The aims of this study are to investigate the effect of the eradication of H. pylori on histological change of gastric mucosa in children with H. pylori gastritis and to determine whether the histological grading by the Sydney system is valuable in predicting the effect of treatment. Methods: 1) Histological scores by the Sydney system and the endoscopic characteristics were assessed before and at least four weeks after anti-H. pylori therapy in 42 children with H. pylori gastritis. 2) In 32 children treated with omeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin (OAC), pretreatment histological scores and endoscopic findings were compared between the eradicated and the noneradicated to evaluate their predictive value for the successful eradication. Results: 1) In the eradicated (27 cases), nodular gastritis significantly decreased from 89% to 63% (p<0.05). There was an significant improvement in the mean activity score from 2.06 before treatment to 0.24 after treatment (p<0.01). The mean inflammatory score also improved from 2.61 before treatment to 1.89 after treatment (p<0.05). Lymphoid follicles significantly decreased from 48% to 15% (p<0.05). Epithelial damage improved in all 4 cases. But in the noneradicated (15 cases), there was no significant change in the frequency of nodular gastritis, the mean activity score, the mean inflammatory score and the frequency of the lymphoid follicles. 2) In 32 children treated with OAC, there was a tendency that the higher was the pretreatment score of the bacterial density, the lower was the eradication rate of H. pylori (p=0.072). Conclusion: The loss of the polymorphonuclear cell infiltration is the most prominent histological change after successful eradication. There may be negative correlation of the grade of the bacterial density with the success rate of the anti-H. pylori therapy.