• 한국가스학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.16-25
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• 2000

스틸렌 공중합체의 열적특성과 독성인자를 평가하기 위하여 활성화 에너지, 물리적 특성 및 마취성 기체와 같은 독성물질의 발생가능성에 대하여 조사하였다 고온 분해시에 Kissinger법과 DSC법에 의해 계산된 활성화 에너지는 25${\~}$50 Kcal/mol이었다. 이것은 화재발생가능성에 대하여 좋은 정보가 될 것이다 FED계산으로부터 PS, SAN 및 ABS에 대한 $LC_{50}$의 값은 8,580, 265 및 308 $mg/m^3$이 되었다. FT-IR에 의해 분석한 열분해 반응의 메카니즘은 측쇄반응이 아니고 주쇄반응이었다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.27-33
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• 1994

With the rapid industrialization, an ever-increasing quantity and kind of new organic compounds pose environmental problems due to their toxicity and physiological effect. However, research on the biodegradation of these compounds under anaerobic condition is very limited inspite of its efficiency and economical advantage. In this research, the pH effect on the ring cleavage of phenol under anaerobic condition was investigated, and the theory of phase separation was applied to the degradation of phenol for investigating the role of acidogenic bacteria. Results, obtained from biochemical methane potential(BMP) assay for 15.5 days of incubation, showed that acidic condition was more desirable for phenol degradation than alkaline condition. By both unacclimated methanogenic granular sludge and two mixed cultures, phenol was completely removed within six weeks of incubation with a gas conversion rate of over 86% of theoretical one. However, phenol was not degraded by unacclimated acidogenic culture, and thus it is considered as a syntrophic substrate. In case of phase separated biochemical methane potential(PSBMP) assay, in which acidogenic and methanogenic culture were seeded separately and consecutively, those that had been subjected to normal acidogens for 3 to 4 weeks showed higher gas production than those seeded with sterile or frozen culture.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.109-121
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• 2020

Phenol is frequently present as the hazardous pollutant in petrochemical and pesticide industry wastewater. Because of its high toxicity and carcinogenic potential, a proper treatment is needed to reduce the hazards of phenol carrying effluent before being discharged into the environment. Phenol biodegradation with microbial consortium offers a very promising approach now a day's. This study focused on the formulation of phenol degrading bacterial consortium with three bacterial isolates. The bacterial strains Bacillus cereus strain VCRC B540, Bacillus cereus strain BRL02-43 and Oxalobacteraceae strain CC11D were isolated from detergent contaminated soil by soil enrichment technique and was identified by 16s rDNA sequence analysis. Individual cultures were degrade 100 μl phenol in 72 hrs. The formulated bacterial consortium was very effective in degrading 250 μl of phenol at a pH 7 with in 48 hrs. The study further focused on the analysis of the products of biodegradation with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT/IR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). The analysis showed the complete degradation of phenol and the production of Benzene di-carboxylic acid mono (2-ethylhexyl) ester and Ethane 1,2- Diethoxy- as metabolic intermediates. Biodegradation with the aid of microorganisms is a potential approach in terms of cost-effectiveness and elimination of secondary pollutions. The present study established the efficiency of bacterial consortium to degrade phenol. Optimization of biodegradation conditions and construction of a bioreactor can be further exploited for large scale industrial applications.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.414-420
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• 2007

지금까지 우리는 몇 가지 나노입자에 대한 박테리아를 이용한 독성평가 및 탐지 연구 사례를 보았다. 이들은 주로 세포의 생장과 관련하여, 그 평가가 이루어졌고, silver nanoparticles과 같이 그 메커니즘을 밟히기 위해 좀 더 진행이 된 것 또한 있었다. 그러나 아직 그 연구 수준은 매우 미비한 상태이다. 위에서 살펴 본 대부분의 나노입자의 경우 산화적 손상과 밀접한 관련이 있어 보인다. 이것은 나노입자로부터 발생할 이온들에 의해 혹은 나노입자가 박테리아와 작용하여 세포막표면에 직접 달라붙는 현상들에 의해, 일어나는 것이 아닌가 하는 생각을 하게 한다. 그리고 이러한 결과들을 통하여, 나노입자의 독성 경로를 어느 정도 예측할 수 있을 것이다. 확실히 밝혀내지 못한 이러한 독성 경로에 대한 연구가 더 활발히 진행되어야 할 것이다. 나노물질의 많은 장점으로 인하여, 이미 많은 항균성 나노물질이 생산되어 이용되었지만 앞으로 새롭게 합성될 숫자는 우리가 예상할 수 없을 만큼 늘어날 것이라고 생각한다. 그리고 우리는 이들의 무분별한 사용으로 인한 부작용에 다시 한번 놀라게 될 것이고, 그들의 독성에 대해서 걱정할 것이다. 우리는 이들 나노물질에 대해서 단순한 세포 생장 연구를 벗어나, 그 독성 메커니즘을 밝히는 연구 또한 동시에 진행해야 할 것이다. 그것은 동물이나 사람세포의 독성경로 파악에도 유용한 정보를 제공할 수 있고, 나노물질의 이용으로 인한 폐해를 막을 수 있는 중요한 방법이 될 수 있는 것이다.

• 분석과학
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.368-374
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• 2003

반도체 공정에서는 많은 종류의 가스를 사용하는 데 그중 할로겐 가스는 독성과 환경오염 문제를 야기 시키고 있다. 본 실험은 할로겐 가스를 기존의 제거 방식이 아닌 수지를 이용한 제거 방법 및 측정을 하는 연구를 하였다. 우선 실험에 사용한 할로겐 가스로는 $BCl_3$와 $CF_4$ 가스를 제거하는 실험을 하였다. 실험 장치는 실험조건을 고려하여 직접 제작을 하였다. 그리고 수지를 이용한 흡착 제거를 하기 위해 제올라이트, $Ag^+$ 이온으로 치환된 제올라이트, $AgMnO_3$, ZnO등 여러 가지 수지를 이용하여 실험하였다. 가스의 분석을 위해서 실제 사용되어지는 적외선 분광기 (FT-IR)를 이용하여 정성 및 정량분석을 하여 각각의 수지에 대한 할로겐 가스의 제거량을 계산하여 수지의 제거 능력을 확인하였다. 제올라이트, Ag 제올라이트, $AgMnO_3$, ZnO등의 수지중에서 ZnO가 가장 좋은 제거 효율을 보였으며 $BCl_3$ 가스의 경우 수지 1g에 대해 0.094 g을 제거하는 결과를 보였다. 그러나 $CF_4$ 가스는 일반적인 고체 수지는 제거를 하지 못하고 액체인 $CHCl_3$가 약간의 제거능력을 보이는 결과를 얻었다.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2015

Bisphenol A is widely used in plastic and other industrial consumer products. Release of bisphenol A and its analogues into the aquatic environment during manufacture, use and disposal has been a great scientific and public concern due to their toxicity and endocrine disrupting effects on aquatic wildlife and even human beings. More recent studies have shown that these alkylphenols may affect the molting processes and survival of crustacean species such as American lobster, crab and shrimp. In this study, we have developed gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) methods for the determination of bisphenol A and its analogues in shrimp Macrobrachium rosenbergii, blue crab Callinectes sapidus and American lobster Homarus americanus samples. Bisphenol A, 2,4-bis-(dimethylbenzyl)phenol and 4-cumylphenol were found in shrimp in the concentration ranges of 0.67-5.51, 0.36-1.61, and < LOD (the limit of detection)-1.96 ng/g (wet weight), and in crab of 0.10-0.44, 0.13-0.62, and 0.26-0.58 ng/g (wet weight), respectively. In lobster tissue samples, bisphenol A, 2-t-butyl-4-(dimethylbenzyl)phenol, 2,6-bis-(t-butyl)-4-(dimethylbenzyl)phenol, 2,4-bis-(dimethybenzyl)phenol, 2,4-bis-(dimethylbenzyl)-6-t-butylphenol and 4-cumylphenol were determined at the concentration ranges of 4.48-7.01, 1.23-2.63, 2.71-9.10, 0.35-0.91, 0.64-3.25, and 0.44-1.00 ng/g (wet weight), respectively. At these concentration levels, BPA and its analogs may interfere the reproduction and development of crustaceans, such as larval survival, molting, metamorphosis and shell hardening.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.133-140
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to provide response methods to minimize the damage from chemical terrorism in a naturally ventilated indoor system using several types of dispersion simulations. Three chemical warfare agents such as sarin(GB), phosgene and chlorine gas which have high potential to be used in terror or to be involved with accidents were selected in this simulation. Fire dynamic simulation based on Large Eddy Simulation which is effective because of less computational effort and detailed expression of the dispersion flow was adopted to describe the dispersion behavior of these agents. When the vent speed is 0.005m/s, the heights of 0.1 agent mass fraction are 0.9m for sarin, 1.0m for phosgene and 1.1m for chlorine gas, and the maximum mass fraction are 0.27 for all three agents. However, when the vent speed is increased to 0.05m/s, the heights of 0.1 agent mass fraction become 1.6m for all three agents and maximum mass fraction inside the room increase to 0.70 for sarin, 0.58 for phosgene and 0.53 for chlorine gas. It is shown that molecular weight of the agents has an important role for dispersion, and it is important to install ventilation system with height less than 1.6m to minimize the damage from chemical toxicity.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.30-40
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate the contribution of various smoke constituents to the toxicological activity of total particulate matter(TPM) or the gas/vapor phase(GVP). These components included phenol compounds, aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic amines, and carbonyl compounds. The mutagenic and cytotoxic potencies were assessed using the Salmonella mutagenicity assay with S. typimurium TA98 strain and the neutral red uptake cytotoxicity assay(NRU) with BALB/c 3T3 fibroblast cells, respectively. The Salmonella mutagenicity test showed that heterocyclic amines exhibited significantly higher levels of toxicity compared to other smoke constituents. Among them, 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline(MeIQ) was shown the most mutagenic compound with a specific mutagenicity of $7.9{\times}10^5\;revertants/{\mu}g$. An analysis of the possible contribution revealed that MeIQ account for only 0.85% of the 2R4F-TPM mutagenicity in TA98. NRU data demonstrated that high cytotoxic activity was obtained for hydroquinone, formaldehyde, and acrolein. Based on the results of the present study, the contribution of acrolein to the cytotoxicity of the GVP fraction was calculated as 61%. Thus, a large proportion of the cytotoxic activity of this complex mixture, cigarette smoke gas phase, can be attributed to the acrolein.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.253-262
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• 2013

The test on the mix of PVA fiber of low carbon inorganic composite as a cement substitute found it to be satisfactory in terms of flexibility and stiffness. The result of the evaluation of the properties of low carbon inorganic panel revealed that the absorptivity was low at 8 to 9%, which is lower than the KS value of 25%. Also, the test on non-combustibility and gas toxicity found that these factors satisfied the decision criteria. In the test on heavy metals discharges, Pb, Cd, Cr6+, Hg, and As were not detected. Regarding far-Infrared emissivity and formaldehyde emission, the substitute was found to be harmless to the human body. Therefore, if the issue of shrinkage, which is a disadvantage of inorganic composites, is addressed, it is judged that it is possible to develop a low carbon inorganic composite panel with better performance.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.179-202
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• 2013

Bisphenol A and other alkylphenols are widely used in plastic and other industrial consumer products. Release of these compounds into the aquatic environment during their manufacture, use and disposal has been a great scientific and public concern due to their toxicity at high concentrations and endocrine disrupting effects at low concentration on aquatic wildlife and human beings. This paper reviews the published data and researches on the environmental occurrence, distribution, health effects and analytical techniques of bisphenol A and alkylphenols. The aim is to provide an overview of the current understanding about bisphenol A and alkylphenols in the environment and the difficulties faced today in order to establish standard and systematic environmental analysis and assessment process for these endocrine disruptor compounds.