• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.88-97
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• 2011

We carried out cationization of Dak pulp (paper mulberry bast fiber pulp) which is raw material of Hanji (Traditional Korean Paper) using a (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride to improve dyeability during a dyeing of Hanji with Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides) and smoke tree (Cotinus coggygria). Fiber specific charge densities were determined using polyelectrolyte titration method and K/S values of dyed Hanji was calculated by Kubelka-Munk equation. As the result, fiber specific charge density increased with degree of cationization. Colors of Hanji dyed with Gardenia did not vary significantly with degree of cationization, but cationized Hanji dyed with smoke tree showed a large increase of a* value and reddish yellow color. After-mordanting did not decrease K/S value of dyes with cationized Hanji. K/S values of dyed Hanji decreased with increasing dyeing temperature. For smoke tree, the cationization impair lightfastness of dyed Hanji without mordant. After-mordanting with copper acetate or iron chloride improved lightfastness of dyed Hanji.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 1986

An attempt was made to verify the antibacterial activities of the soluble extracts of Gardenia jasminoides(SEGJ) against mycobacteria other than tubercle bacilli (MOTT); M. kansasii, M. scrofulaceum, M. simiae, M. szulgai, M.xenopi, M. avium-intracellulare complex, M. gordonae and M. flarescens. In addition, the effect of the SEGJ on the yellow pigmentation and violet pigmentation (crocin reaction) of the colonies of the MOTT grown on7H10-crocin agar plates was observed. The SEGJ gave a growth stimulatory activity against most species of mycobacteria except for M. szulgai at low concentration of the SEGJ in terms of crocin pigment OD=0.02 or less, but exerted an inhibitory activity at high concentration of OD=0.04 or more. The growth-inhibitory activity of the SEGJ was dose-dependent but the yellow pigmentation of the scotochromogens was not affected by the dose of the SEGJ that was growth-inhibitory. Crocin positive reaction was observed only with M. kansasii.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.14
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• pp.81-89
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• 2013

This study concerns UV-Vis spectrophotometry and 3D-fluorescence spectrophotometry analysis of textile parts of blue and green tones dyed with indigo of blue tone and turmeric, gardenia, goldthread and amur cork tree of yellow tone. In order to verify whether the kinds of textiles affected analysis result of each dye, silk and cotton textile samples were produced. According to the analysis of the degree of reflection of UV-Vis spectrophotometry, unique reflection spectrum of indigo appeared regardless of the kinds of textiles when they were dyed with indigo. As for textiles of green tone, the 3D-fluorescence spectroscopic analysis result showed that unique spectrums of yellow dyes, turmeric, goldthread and amur cork tree appeared regardless of the kinds of textiles but the fluorescence spectrums of gardenia and indigo did not appear.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 1981

Crocin was extracted from Gardenia fructus in order to manufacture a natural food dye. In the extraction and purification process methanol and ethanol were used as the most Suitable solvent selected in preliminary test and 9.28%g/100g of Cretin product in 99.89% of purity was acquired. The lethal dose of Cretin administered in mouse by intra peridoneal was 5.36g/kg which is much lower toxic than any other. The toxic dose which caused diarrhoea in rat was 2.55g/kg and maximum no effect level was found to be 272mg/kg. From the $1%{\sim}2.5%$ content of Crocin in rat diet reduction of body weight appeared and GTP and GOT (Transaminase) value in creased significantly. Crocin showed a good properties of tolerating acid, alkali, sunlight, reductant, oxidant, and salt compared with tar dyes. The range from 100 ppm to 500ppm bring out bright $yellow{\sim}orange$ color, the most effective color, with a good solubility in water-slightly in oil. The acceptable daily intake of crocin was calculated as 2.72mg/kg based on maximum no effect dose (2% additive dose).

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.287-296
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• 1991

Colonial morphology of the various yeasts often encountered in sputum or other clinical specimens was investigated on the corn meal-potato-yeast extract agar medium (GJCPY) containing orange-yellow pigments extracted from Gardenia jasminoides fruits in hopes of differential identification on primary cultures. The results obtained are as follows. 1) Cryptococcus neoformans which is a medically important yeast and whose colony showed brown to purple brown on GJCPY medium was distinguishable not only from buff colored Cr. laurentii after one week incubation but also from Candida spp. 2) Colony color of Candida albicans, a most common species in sputum specimens and of Ca. parapsilosis, a rare isolate, remained unchanged even after 15 days incubation. 3) Ca. tropicalis, second common isolate from sputums and Ca. krusei, a rare isolate, formed a characteristic rough and wrinkled colonies that permit to differentiate them from others. 4) Rare isolates, Ca. guilliermondii and Ca. lusitaniae, turned to prussian blue within three days of incubation. 5) Torulopsis sp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed glossy grayish blue or light blue after one week incubation. The findings clearly showed that Ga. jasminoides pigments medium was useful to the morphological differentiation of medically important yeasts that were often encountered in sputum or other clinical specimens.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.285-292
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• 2008

Crocin is one of the major components of gardenia fruit and saffron which are widely used as natural food colorants and as traditional Chinese medicines. However, the genotoxicity data on crocin are not sufficient for safety evaluation. The purpose of this study was the examination of the genotoxicity on crocin from gardenia yellow in bacterial and mammalian cells, using various genotoxic battery testing assays and the influence of crocin on methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and ${H_2}{O_2}$-induced DNA damage in vitro, using single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay. From results, no considerable mutagenicity and clastogenicity were seen in bacteria and mammalian cells treated with crocin, by Ames test, chromosomal aberration assay, ${tk}^{+/-}$ gene forward mutation assay and comet assay. And, post-treatment with crocin significantly suppressed ${H_2}{O_2}$-induced DNA damage in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, the findings of the present study and other previous observations indicate that crocin has no genotoxic potential. And it showed that crocin clearly repressed the genotoxic potency of ${H_2}{O_2}$. These results suggest that anti-oxidative effects of crocin may be involved in the protective effects of DNA damage.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.227-230
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• 2009

This study was aimed to determine color sensibility factors for naturally dyed fabrics and to investigate their relationship with color variables such as hue and tone and dyes. Two hundreds different fabric colors prepared by a variety of natural dyeing were subjectively evaluated by color experts, which resulted in three color sensibility factors including 'Pleasant', 'Comfort', and 'Modem'. Among hues, Yellowish shade by natural dyeing was found as more pleasant and more comfort than any others. Among main tones for natural dyeing, g(grayish) and ltg(light grayish) were more felt in 'Comfort' whereas d(dull) more in 'Pleasant'. As for dyes, Gardenia Blue, Gardenia Yellow, and Anato tended to give feelings of 'Pleasant' whereas Raw Indigo and Loess did 'Comfort'.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.98-101
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• 1975

The components of Gardenia pigment in rind, flesh, fresh fruit and stored fruit, its heat resistance and stability in pH, its dilution and colour-degree were studied. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The components of CROCIN in fresh fruit and stored fruit were 0.0157% and 0.0136% respectively. One year storage of stored fruit resulted in the decrease of 15% of CROCIN. 2. The components of Gardenia pigment in flesh were contained nearly twice as much as in rind. 3. There were traces of ${\beta}-carotene$ and some unknown carotenoid pigments. 4. Gardenia pigment was stable at $100^{\circ}C$ for 60 minutes, but, at $150^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes, nearly half of them was destructed. 5. Gardenia pigment turned to colurless but was stable in neutral or alkali condition after 10 days. 6. Supercially, dark Gardenia pigment looked yellowish red and thin Gardenia pigment looked yellow: however, each ${\lambda}_{max}$. was all the same.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.338-342
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• 2002

Antimicrobial activity of yellow pigment produced by Monascus anka Y7 (Y7) was studied. The crude yellow pigment of Y7 showed antimicrobial activity against some bacteria and yeasts. The diameter of inhibition zone against gram-positive bacteria was a little smaller t]fan that of gram-negative bacteria to the crude yellow pigment. Especially, E2 fraction obtained from the crude yellow pigment by TLC method showed high anti-microbial activity against E. coli.. The fraction had bright yellow pigment, showing fluorescent light and having the maximum absorption at 373 nm. Citrinin, a mycotoxin which had been characterized as an antimicrobial substance from a Monascus strain, was not detected in the E2 fraction and in the crude yellow pigment by the results of TLC and HPLC. This indicates that the antimicrobial activity of Y7 pigments did not any relationship with citrinin. Yellow degree (b/a of Hunters color value) of Y7 pigment was much higher than that of other natural colorants such as annatto, gardenia yellow and carthamus yellow. But the colors of all of the yellow pigments were similar by panels. Thus, the yellow pigment of Y7 could be used as a useful alternative colorant for food industry, having the advantage of antimicrobial activity.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.11
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• pp.61-72
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• 2010

This is the analysis of material dyed with Korean yellow dyes such as tumeric, amur cork tree, goldthread, gardenia, and the flowers of sophora japonica using nondestructive ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence spectrophotometry. In order to find out whether type of fabric or mordant influences analysis results, test fabrics were made using two types of fabric(silk and cotton) and dyed using three different mordants(no mordant, alum, iron). After analysis with UV-Vis reflectance spectrum on the dyed fabric, when the fabric was dyed with tumeric, amur cork tree and goldthread, the results were similar with no mordant and alum mordant, whereas there was a difference with an iron mordant. Also when the fabric was dyed using gardenia, different fabrics brought different results but there was no difference in results with mordants. On the other hand, when the fabric was dyed using the flowers of sophora japonica, there was no difference with fabrics but with mordants. After analysis with 3D-fluorescence spectrum, fabrics dyed with tumeric, amur cork tree and goldthread showed their own fluorescent spectrum with no regard to fabric and mordant; but with gardenia, there were differences with different fabrics whereas with the flowers of sophora japonica, there were differences with mordants.