• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.381-387
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 생 전분 분해효소를 이 용한 비 열처리 현미식초 제조방법 확립과 초산발효 중 성분변화를 조사하였다. 초기 알콜농도별, 초기 산도별로 각각 실험한 결과 pH는 초기 알콜농도별 실험치와 초기 산도별 실험치 모두 발효 초기 3.44~4.06에서 발효가 진행됨에 따라 점점 감소하여 총산이 가장 높은 수치를 나타낸 시점에서 각각 2.90~3.44로 가장 낮은 수치를 나타낸 후 증가하는 경향이었다. 총산은 알콜농도가 높을수록 총산함량도 각각 4.23, 5.46, 5.79, 6.50 및 7.18로 점점 높게 나타났으며, 초기 산도별 실험에서는 모두 발효 1일째부터 서서히 증가하여 각각 4.78, 5.88, 5.79및 5.21로 최고치를 나타낸 후 감소하는 경향이었다. 초산 수율은 알콜농도 5%와 6%에서 60%이상으로 높게 나타났으며, 초기 산도 1.0에서 62%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 또한 초산발효과정 중 성분변화를 조사한 결과 pH는 발효초기 3.67에서 발효가 진행됨에 따라 점점 감소하여 3.16으로 나타났으며, 총산은 발효초기 1.02로 발효 1일째부터 총산이 서서히 증가하여 발효 2일에 1.54, 발효 12일에 5.53으로 가장 높은 수치를 나타낸 후 감소하는 경향이었다. 유기산 조성은 oxalic, malic, acetic, citric 및 succinic acid가 검출되었으며, 유기산 중 acetic acid가 가장 높은 함량으로 나타났다. 유리 아미노산은 1,121.09mg%이었으며, ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid, $\alpha$-aminoadipic acid, alanine이 주된 아미노산으로 나타났으며, 특히 ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid는 539.05 mg%로 아미노산중에서 가장 높은 함량으로 나타났다. 무기질함량은 P와 K함량이 유사하게 높은 함량으로 나타났으며, 다음으로 Mg, Na, Ca순으로 나타났다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.803-810
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• 2011

본 연구는 정치발효에 의한 국산 및 일본산 현미식초의 품질비교를 실시하였다. 국내산 현미식초의 주요 유리아미노산은 proline, glutamic acid와 phenylalanine인 반면, 일본산 현미식초는 proline, valine, phenylalanine, lysine, ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid, alanine과 isoleucine이었다. ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA)와 총아미노산 함량(3686.37~4212.27 mg%)은 국내산 정치배양 현미식초에 비해 일본산 정치배양 현미식초에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. GC-MS에 의한 주요 휘발성 향기성분 분석 결과, 식초의 주된 휘발성 향기성분인 acetic acid 이외에 국내에서 제조된 현미식초는 ethyl acetate, benzaldehyde, phenethyl alcohol와 phenethyl acetate 이었으나, 일본에서 제조된 현미식초는 ethyl acetate, phenethyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, isoamyl acetate, phenethyl acetate와 benzaldehyde이었다. 전자코에 의한 향미패턴 분석결과, 국내 및 일본산 정치배양 현미식초 간의 향미패턴에 차이가 있음을 확인 할 수 있었으며 전자코에 의해 효과적인 구별이 가능하였다. 또한 일본산 현미식초는 제품 간 유사한 향기성분을 나타내었으나, 국산 현미식초는 제조사에 따라 서로 다른 패턴을 보였다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.58-64
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• 2004

This study investigated the effects of carnitine and/or ${\gamma}$ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) supplementation on lipid profiles and some immune related nutrient in mice. Balb/c male mice were orally treated with either an AIN-76 diet (Con), a control diet plus carnitine (CS, 0.5 g/kg bw), a control diet plus GABA (GS, 0.5 g/kg bw) or a control diet plus carnitine plus GABA (CGS, 0.25 g/kg bw, respectively) for 6 weeks. There were no significant differences in feed consumption, energy intake, body weight gain or feed efficiency ratio among the groups during the experimental period. However, abdominal fat deposits were smaller in CS, GS and CGS groups compared with the Con group. Serum and liver triglycerides also were lower in CS, GS and CGS and serum total cholesterol was significantly lower in the CGS group compared with the Con group. Serum LDL cholesterol was lower in the CGS group and liver HDL cholesterol was significantly higher in the CS group compared with Con group. In serum, stearic acid and selecholeic acid were lower, but arachidic acid was higher in the CS group. Liver stearic acid was higher but oleic acid lower in CGS group compared with Con group. In carnitine supplemented groups, serum and liver nonesterified carnitine (NEC), acidsoluble acylcarnitine (ASAC), total carnitine (TCNE) concentrations were higher in only the CS group, not CGS group. Serum vitamin A and E concentrations were not different among the groups. These results may suggest that carnitine and/or GABA supplementation improves lipid profiles in mice, but did not affect the immune-related nutrients that we measured under the experimental conditions of this study.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.1745-1748
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• 2019

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays important roles in host physiology. However, the effects of GABA are greatly restricted due to its low bioavailability in the human body. Here, a high acid-tolerance GABA-producing strain, Lactobacillus brevis Bmb5, was isolated from kimchi. Bmb5 converted glutamate to GABA (7.23 ± 0.68 ㎍/μl) at a rate of 72.3%. The expression of gadB gene, encoding the enzyme involved in the decarboxylation of glutamate to GABA, was decreased upon incubation. Our findings indicate GABA production in Bmb5 is not directly correlated with gadB gene expression, providing new insight into the mechanisms underlying GABA production in Lactobacillus.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.334-337
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• 2015

팽이버섯 내에 존재하는 GAD 효소를 발효를 통해 활성화 시켜 MSG를 GABA로의 전환율을 높이고자 하였다. 효과적인 고농도 GABA를 생산하기 위해 나노분말 팽이버섯에다가 수경재배한 인삼을 첨가하여 야쿠르트발효기에서 발효한 결과 GABA 전환율은 팽이나노인삼분말 발효군(88%) > 팽이분말 발효군(52%) > 팽이나노분말 발효군(44%) 순으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 MSG를 기질로 첨가하는 식품에서 활용할 가치가 있으리라 사료된다.

• 식품기술
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.131-133
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• 2000

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.477-490
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• 2018

This study investigated the changes in the quality of doenjang (a fermented bean paste) with the addition of Sea tangle Saccharina japonica powder fermented by lactic acid bacteria (FSP). Doenjang was prepared without or with FSP and with various amounts of doenjang (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 3% by volume), and fermented at $25^{\circ}C$ for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, the antioxidant activity, microbiological characteristics, and physicochemical parameters were examined. We detected no significant differences in the color profiles. However, following the addition of FSP to doenjang, the amino nitrogen content and antioxidant properties were enhanced. Furthermore, the FSP-doenjang contained higher levels of ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (297.55-300.03 mg/100 g), a biofunctional ingredient. These results suggest the potential for developing a traditional Korean fermented food with enhanced antioxidant activity and ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid content using FSP.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.213-220
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate changes in the quality of Gochujang following the addition of sea tangle Saccharina japonica powder fermented by lactic acid bacteria (FSP). Gochujang was prepared with or without FSP and fermented at $16^{\circ}C$ for 24 weeks, as detailed in a previous study. No significant physicochemical changes in moisture, crude protein content, pH, salinity and amino nitrogen content were observed among the varieties of Gochujangs evaluated (Commercial Gochujang, Gallic-Gochujang and FSP-Gochujang). In addition, we detected no significant differences in microbiological profiles. However, following addition of FSP to Gochujang, the color was affected and antioxidant properties were enhanced. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of FSP-Gochujang increased by 58.8% and 24.8% compared with Commercial Gochujang and Gallic-Gochujang, respectively. Furthermore, analysis of the free amino acid content revealed higher levels of ${\gamma}$-Aminobutyric acid (100.9 mg/100 g), a biofunctional ingredient, in FSP-Gochujang. Thus, these results suggest the potential for development of a traditional Korean fermented food with enhanced antioxidant activity and ${\gamma}$-Aminobutyric acid content using FSP.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.209-221
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• 2019

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter that exerts several physiological functions and positive effects on human health. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize the strains that had GABA-producing abilities from various fermented fish products. A total of 91 acid-producing strains were isolated from 41 samples of fermented fish products, and 27 strains showing GABA-producing abilities were identified by the 16S rDNA sequences. Among the strains, 31% strains tolerated at high-salt environment of 10-20% throughout the fermentation of fish sauces. The 27 isolates that produced GABA at various concentrations did so in the range of 5 to 454 mM. These GABA-producing isolates were identified as lactic acid bacteria of 14 strains, which included twelve Lactococcus lactis, one Enterococcus faecium, and one Lactococcus pentosus; eight Bacillus cereus group, which included seven B. thuringiensis and one B. cereus; and five Staphylococcus spp. Interestingly, with Vietnamese fish sauces, we mostly identified species of B. thuringiensis and Staphylococcus spp., while with Korean fermented fish products, the majority of the strains identified belonged to L. lactis. Among the strains, B. thuringiensis LH2134 produced the highest levels of GABA at 366 mM among the strains identified from Vietnamese fish sauces, whereas L. lactis LA43, a new strain isolated from Korean jeotgal (salted shrimp paste), produced the highest amount of GABA at 454 mM and the glutamate concentration in the medium was essential for GABA accumulation. Therefore, such the isolates might serve as good starters for development of more GABA-reinforced foods among fermented fish products.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.104-109
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• 2007

Lactic acid bacteria that accumulated ${\gamma}-aminobutyric$ acid (GABA) in culture medium were screened to identify strains with high GAB A-producing ability. One strain, MS, which was isolated from kimchi, showed the highest GABA-producing ability among the screened strains. MS was identified as Lactobacillus buchneri based on Gram-staining, metabolic characteristics, and 16S rDNA sequence determination, Optimum culture conditions for GABA production were determined: MRS broth containing 5% MSG, 1% NaCl, and 1% glucose, at an initial pH of 5.0, the incubation temperature at $30^{\circ}C$ for 36 h. Under these conditions, MS produced GABA at a concentration of 251 mM with a 94% GABA conversion rate. Moreover, culture extracts of Lb. buchneri MS partially or completely protected neuronal cells against neurotoxicantinduced cell death.