• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.1031-1037
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• 2004

The interaction of chemoattractant receptors and $G{\alpha}_{16}$ was studied to provide the molecular basis to elucidate the interaction of chemoattractant receptors with $G{\alpha}_{16}$ subunit, thereby possibly contributing to finding novel targets for designing new type of G protein antagonists with anti-inflammatory effects. Experiments were performed to characterize the $G{\alpha}_{16}$ subunit domains responsible for efficient coupling to chemoattractant receptors. Thus, a series of chimeric $G{\alpha}_{11}G{\alpha}_{16}$ and $G{\alpha}_{16}G{\alpha}_{11}$ cDNA constructs were expressed, and the ability of chimeric proteins to mediate C5a, IL-8, and fMLP-induced release of inositol phosphate in transfected Cos-7 cells was tested. The results showed that short stretches of residues 154 to residue 167 and from residue 174 to residue 195 of $G{\alpha}_{16}$ contribute to efficient coupling to the C5a receptor. On the other hand, a stretch of amino acid residues 220-240 of $G{\alpha}_{16}$ that is necessary for interacting with C5a receptor did not play any role in the interaction with IL-8 receptor. However, a stretch from residue 155 to residue 195 of $G{\alpha}_{16}$ was found to be crucial for efficient coupling to IL-8 receptor in concert with C-terminal 30 amino acid residues of this ${\alpha}$ subunit. Coupling profiles of a variety of chimeras, composed of $G{\alpha}_{11}G{\alpha}_{16}$ to fMLP receptor indicate that the C-terminal 30 amino acids are most critical for the coupling of $G{\alpha}_{16}$ to fMLP receptor. Taken together, $G{\alpha}_{16}$ subunit recruits multiple and distinctive coupling regions, depending on the type of receptors, to interact.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.765-778
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• 2020

The present study intends to find a proper solution for the estimation of the physical behaviors of enlarged piles through a combination of small-scale laboratory tests and a hybrid computational predictive intelligence process. In the first step, experimental program is completed considering various critical influential factors. The results of the best multilayer perceptron (MLP)-based predictive network was implemented through three mathematical-based solutions of dragonfly algorithm (DA), whale optimization algorithm (WOA), and ant lion optimization (ALO). Three proposed models, after convergence analysis, suggested excellent performance. These analyses varied based on neurons number (e.g., in the basis MLP hidden layer) and of course, the level of its complexity. The training R² results of the best hybrid structure of DA-MLP, WOA-MLP, and ALO-MLP were 0.996, 0.996, and 0.998 where the testing R² was 0.995, 0.985, and 0.998, respectively. Similarly, the training RMSE of 0.046, 0.051, and 0.034 were obtained for the training and testing datasets of DA-MLP, WOA-MLP, and ALO-MLP techniques, while the testing RMSE of 0.088, 0.053, and 0.053, respectively. This obtained result demonstrates the excellent prediction from the optimized structure of the proposed models if only population sensitivity analysis performs. Indeed, the ALO-MLP was slightly better than WOA-MLP and DA-MLP methods.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1987

The purpose of this experiment is to examine if G. lucidum extracts could have an effect on leukocyte migration and to select the best chemotactic factor for leukocyte migration. When chemotactic factors such as TC-199 medium, filtrate of E. coli culture, N-fMLP, and G. lucidum extracts were used, N-fMLP, G. lucidum extracts and filtrate of E. coli were positive effect, but TC-199 medium was less than others. The various concentrations of the chemotactic factors such as G. lucidum extracts(1.00%, 0.10% and 0.01%) were stimulated for the leukocytes migration in the modified Boyden chambers, however, the lowest concentration such as 0.01% was more effective than others for the chemoattractant of the leukocyte migration When the leukocyte was treated with G. lucidum extracts(1.00%, 0.10%, and 0.01%) at room temperature for 120 minutes, the chemotactic activities had a good effect at 0.01%. Therefore, leukocyte was affected by G. lucidum extracts.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2023

The existing self-supervised learning-based CutPaste generated synthetic data by cutting and attaching specific patches from normal images and then performed anomaly detection. However, this method has a problem in that there is a clear difference in the boundary of the patch. NSA for solving these problems have achieved higher anomaly detection performance by generating natural synthetic data through Poisson Blending. However, NSA has the disadvantage of having many hyperparameters that need to be adjusted for each class. In this paper, synthetic data similar to normal were generated by a simple method of making the size of the synthetic patch very small. At this time, since the patches are so locally synthesized, models that learn local features can easily overfit synthetic data. Therefore, we performed anomaly detection using gMLP, which learns global features, and even with simple synthesis methods, we were able to achieve higher performance than conventional self-supervised learning techniques.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.78-82
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• 2000

In this study, a comparative removal of chlorine from aqueous solutions of mulberry leaf powder(MLP) and activated carbon(AC) was investigated. The chlorine removal capacities of MLP and AC were shown as a function of contact time, pH and initial chlorine concentration. Optimum contact time and removal pH value of MLP were determined as 2 hr and pH 10, respectively. Chlorine removal increased with increasing initial chlorine concentration up to 1.3g/L. Both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were suitable for describing the short-term removal of chlorine by MLP and AC. According to Freundlich adsorption isotherms, the maximum removal capacity of MLP(0.264 mg Cl$_2$/mg) was nearly two times greater than that of AC(0.56 mg Cl$_2$/mg). These results suggested that MLP might potentially be used as an alternative to traditional water treatment materials for removal of residual chlorine in drinking water or process wastewater.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.903-910
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• 2003

Phospholipase D (PLD) plays an important role as a signaling molecule in the activation of neutrophils. In this study, effect of nitric oxide (NO) and cGMP on the activation of PLD in human neutrophils was investigated. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an agent to produce NO spontaneously in cells, alone increased PLD activity and the maximal activation was obtained with 0.5 mM SNP. Dibutyryl-cAMP, an agent to increase an intracellular cAMP concentration inhibited formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)-stimulated PLD activity but 8-bromo-cGMP (300 $\mu$M), an agent to increase an intracellular cGMP concentration did not affect basal and fMLP-stimulated PLD activity. NO-induced activation of PLD was not blocked by KT 5823, an inhibitor of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), suggesting that NO-induced PLD activation is not mediated by cGMP. NO also stimulated p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) in human neutrophils, indicated by increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in Western blotting. NO-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was not inhibited by KT 5823 or n-butanol. RhoA, an regulatory factor of PLD activation was trans-located from cytosolic fraction to plasma membranes by fMLP or phorbol ester, and fMLP-stimulated but not phorbol ester-stimulated translocation of RhoA was inhibited by cGMP. These results suggest that NO stimulates PLD activity through other unidentified facto.(s) than cGMP even though cGMP inhibits the artivation of RhoA.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.872-879
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• 2016

This study evaluated the quality characteristics of muffins prepared with different amounts (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%) of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaf powder (MLP). The weight of muffins increased as the amount of MLP increased. The height and pH of muffins significantly decreased as the amount of MLP increased (P<0.05). The moisture content was higher in groups containing 3% MLP. The hardness was higher at 0% MLP. Cohesiveness decreased as the amount of MLP increased (P<0.05), whereas springiness was not significantly different among all samples. Chewiness and brittleness decreased with increasing MLP concentration. Substitution of wheat flour with MLP yielded muffins with a higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and total polyphenol content (P<0.05). Alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase activity significantly increased upon addition of MLP (P<0.05). In the sensory evaluation, appearance scores of muffins were higher in groups containing 7% MLP, whereas taste, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability scores were lowest in muffins with 7% MLP. Therefore, up to 3% MLP can be incorporated into muffins to satisfy the sensory quality and functional needs of the consumer. Furthermore, this study proposes the possibility of development of various products using MLP.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.1081-1090
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to develop a functional porridge prepared with mulberry leaf and mulberry fruit powder, which can ameliorate hypertension. The experiment was designed according to the central composite design. For optimization of the mixture ratio of mulberry leaf powder (MLP) and mulberry fruit powder (MFP), the independent variables were defined as MLP (X1) and MFP (X2) and the dependent variables were defined as K (Y1), Na (Y2), ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (Y3), cyanidin-3-glycoside (C3G) (Y4), rutin (Y5), and flavonoid (Y6). The optimal MLP to MFP mixture ratio according to the response surface method were 5.41 g of MLP and 2.65 g of MFP. The amounts of K, Na, GABA, C3G, rutin, and flavonoid in the optimal MLP and MFP mixture were 1,844.22 mg/100 g, 52.74 mg/100 g, 139.98 mg/100 g, 1,134.89 mg/100 g, 101.56 mg/100 g, and 201.28 mg/100 g, respectively. The amounts of Ca, K, Mg, and Na in the functional porridge at this optimal point were 27.66 mg/100 g, 131.32 mg/100 g, 19.57 mg/100 g, and 3.59 mg/100 g, respectively. Overall, this functional porridge can help reduce hypertension.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.322-329
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• 1990

The effects of retinoic acid (RA) on the regenerating limbs of Korean newt (Hynobius leechii) larvae have been studied. Intraperitoneal injection of RA at 4 days post-amputation caused the proximalization of regenerate structures in the proximodistal (PD) axis of the limbs amputated through either the distal zeugopodium or the distal stylopodium. The mean level of proximalization (MLP) increased as a dose-dependent manner, and the MLP was also dependent on the level of amputation at a given dose of RA. At the dose of 150 $\mu$ g/g body wt., MLP's in either amputation level reached close to a peak value, and an increasing number of inhibition of regeneration or duplication in the transverse plane occurred at the dose of 200 $\mu$ g/ g body wt. and above. The changes induced by RA treatment suggest that positional values in the cells of the regenerating limbs have been modified in the three cardinal axes including PD and transverse axes in a graded mode. Furthermore, from the comparison of data in two different amputation levels, it can be speculated that the sensitivity of cells to RA effect along the PD axis might not be linear.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.210-220
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• 1996

Background : Neutrophils or monocytes separated in vitro by the adherence to plastic surface are known to be activated by surface adherence itself and subsequent experimental data might be altered by surface adherence. In the process of surface adherence, adhesion molecules have a clear role in intracellular signal pathway of cellular activation. Human alveolar macrophages(HAM) are frequently purified by the adherence procedure after bronchoalveolar lavage. But the experimental data of many reports about alveolar macrophages have ignored the possibility of adhesion-induced cellular activation. Method : Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed in the person whose lung of either side was confirmed to be normal by chest CT. With the measurement of hydrogen peroxide release from adherent HAM to plastic surface and non-adherent HAM with or without additional stimulation of phorbol myristate acetate(PMA) or N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), we observed the effect of the adherence to plastic surface. We also evaluated the effect of various biological surfaces on adhesion-induced activation of HAM. Then, to define the intracellular pathway of signal transduction, pretreatment with cycloheximide, pertussis toxin and anti-CD11/CD18 monoclonal antibody was done and we measured hydrogen peroxide in the culture supernatant of HAM. Results : 1) The adherence itself to plastic surface directly stimulated hydrogen peroxide release from human alveolar macrophages and chemical stimuli such as phorbol myristate acetate(PMA) or N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine(fMLP) colud not increase hydrogen peroxide release in these adherent macrophages which is already activated. 2) PMA activated human alveolar macrophages irrespective of the state of adhesion. However, fMLP stimulated the release of hydrogen peroxide from the adherent macrophages, but not from the non-adherent macrophages. 3) HAM adherent to A549 cell(type II alveolar epithelium-like human cell line) monolayer released more hydrogen peroxide in response to both PMA and fMLP. This adherence-dependent effect of fMLP was blocked by pretreatment of macrophages with cycloheximide, pertussis toxin and anti-CD18 monoclonal antibody, Conclusion : These results suggest that the stimulatory effect of PMA and fMLP can not be found in adherent macrophage because of the activation of human alveolar macrophage by the adherence to plastic surface and the cells adhered to biologic surface such as alveolar epithelial cells are appropriately responsive to these stimuli. It is also likely that the effect of fMLP on the adherent macrophage requires new protein synthesis via G protein pathway and is dependent on the adhesion between alveolar macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells by virtue of CD11/CD18 adhesion molecules.