• 보존과학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.97-106
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• 2018

회곽묘는 조선시대의 대표적인 묘제로서 당시 사회와 장례문화 이해에 중요한 자료이다. 궁리유적에서 발굴한 회곽묘를 제작방식에 따라 분류하여 초음파속도와 반발경도 측정을 통해 물성을 평가하였다. 층벽식으로 제작한 회곽묘의 강도는 측정방법에 따라 차이가 있다. 초음파속도와 반발경도를 통해 산출한 층벽식 회곽묘의 압축강도는 각각 4.0~355(평균 43.6) $kgf/cm^2$ 및 18.8~538(평균 245.2) $kgf/cm^2$의 범위를 보였다. 이 회곽묘는 발굴과 이장과정에서 벽체에 충격이 발생한 상태로, 벽체의 고유물성에 비해 낮은 초음파속도가 산출된 것으로 보인다. 반면 통벽식으로 제작한 회곽묘의 압축강도는 초음파속도 및 반발경도 측정방법에 따라 각각 5.7~793(평균 281.6) $kgf/cm^2$와 4.5~551(평균 172.4) $kgf/cm^2$로 나타났다. 이처럼 압축강도 값의 차이는 있지만 경향성이 유사한 것으로 보아, 초음파속도와 반발경도 측정을 통한 물성평가는 통벽식 회곽묘에서 더욱 효과적인 것으로 판단된다. 또한 측정면적이 작은 반발경도법이 초음파법보다 더욱 일정한 강도를 보였다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.89-100
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• 2018

The stylobate for expanding the external stage area was the most frequently installed installment out of the installments installed for royal court ceremonies. The stylobate was installed for various ceremonies such as funeral rites, ancestral rites, customary formalities, state examination, feasts for celebrating a honored guest of the court, queen's silkworm cultivating ceremony, heir appointment, the presentation of honorary titles for the king or queen in honor of their merits, and entertainment of foreign dignitaries. The exact period stylobates came to be used for the play stage. The stylobate consists of the 紅座板, 屯太木, 竹欄間, 足木, and the 層橋. Depending on the 足木, the substructure of the stylobate, the stylobate could be divided into the 長足木, 中足木, 短足木, 平足木 type. The detail structure of the stylobate changed in form from the jokmok and duntaemok that appeared until the time of King Seonjo, into the 長屯太木, 短屯太木, and the 短短屯太木 during the time of King Heonjong. With the introduction of the 中足木, materials began to become more segmented and the structure stronger. According to existing records, while the height of the stylobate was not significantly high prior to King Seonjo's reign, the 十四層雲橋 and the 十三層層橋 introduced during the time of Emperor Gojong was designed to reflect his rank in external ceremonies while the eight story step bridge was exhibited in internal ceremonies to reflect the rank of Queen Mother Sinjeong. From here, we can deduce that the fourteen and thirteen story cloud bridges representing the king was of a higher grade than the eight story step bridge which represented the queen mother. Finishing by adding boards to the lower part of the stylobates began to appear in the time of King Seonjo. During King Heonjong's reign, the lower finish became gentrified with a thin board called 修粧板, and yeomupan 廉隅板 for decorating the edges of the stylobates were installed. Such style of finishing the lower part of the stylobate with boards mostly appeared in elaborate feasts 進饌 and celebrations 進宴 within the royal court 內宴. The stylobates appeared to have served not only practical purposes such as expanding the stage area, but also as installments which realize the authority and prestige of the royal crown. They were installed according to the purpose of the ceremony and the rank of the participant. In short, stylobates became established during King Seonjo's reign, became segmented and gentrified during King Heonjong's reign, and began to take height variations during Emperor Gojong's reign to reflect the rank and authority of the king and queen mother. As such, it can be considered another characteristic of Joseon Dynasty architecture.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.23-41
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to explore social supports for elderly housing and their residential lives in small cities along rural counties of the United States and Canada, and suggest future implications for age-concentrated rural villages in Korea. In this study, five small and medium cities in non-metropolitan counties of California and Ontario province were visited and elderly residents and service experts were interviewed about their perceptions of community integrated social support networks for senior residences. The senior housing complexes were built due to influx of both metropolitan and rural residents seeking warm localities, traffic connections, business purposes in active production areas. and leisure attractions. There are five main social support networks for senior housing issues in these areas. First, the areas are claimed for senior zones and accordingly health industries are encouraged by local authorities. Second, the community is homogeneously constructed as a senior friendly environment and include features such as an RV park and mobile cottages. Third, senior-helping seniors are offered active work through golf-cluster active retirement communities. Fourth, traditional theme production camps are mobilized by the elderly workers. Lastly, an information system is maintained for screening volunteers and for senior abuse prevention. On the other hand, residential lives are occasionally negatively influenced by unbalanced concentrations of elderly facilities such as nursing stations and funeral homes. For the future of Korean rural elderly policies, suggestions are made as follows: first, an integrated urban and rural township that contains attractive places for early retiring people who seek a warm atmosphere in later life needs to be constructed. Second, an integrated model retirement village of urban and rural retirement life needs to be initiated as a measure of evaluating the adaptation process of movers in senior concentrated zones. Third, a cooperation system among governmental ministries needs to be formed with the long- term goal of establishing a traditional rural town of independent housing districts and medical facilities in rural areas. Fourth, productive and active lifestyles need to be maintained as the local community and government develop successful retirement rural villages, by limiting the expansion of nursing related facilities. Finally, generation integrated visiting welfare programs and services need to be further developed for the housing areas especially in the winter, when social integration and activity are relatively low.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.397-406
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data in order to improve the quality of charged recuperation facilities which are specialized in the old. after finding out the satisfaction degree for the services which are provided in the current charged recuperation facilities specialized in the old and surveying the services which are demanded by users. As for the research method. the subjects were 88 family members of the users in the five charged recuperation facilities, which are specialized in the old and located in Seoul and Incheon. The survey research was executed from 27th July to 15th September, 2002. Then the collected data were analyzed by using the SPSS 10.0 for windows program. The research results are as follows. Firstly, in the satisfaction degree of the user's family about the daily service showed the highest satisfaction degree for the kind service of the staff to the users. In the satisfaction degree about the specialized service of the user's family, the satisfaction degree was high in bedsore prevention, periodical health care, proper medical treatment, family counsel, and adequate disease management. In the satisfaction degree about the facility and environmental service, the satisfaction degree about the surrounding environment of the facility or safety facility, and the comfort condition was high. In the satisfaction degree about the services related to the local society, it was high in the hospital and medical-related field. Secondly, in the demanded services, the demanding degree for worship, mental and spiritual nursing, hospice, funeral service, family meeting, and support for the special vehicle were not so high, but it was shown that they were generally demanded. Thirdly, it was shown that the provided services had an overall high satisfaction degree. In the service satisfaction degree according to the general characteristics of the user's family, it was recognized that there was a significant difference between the distinction of sex and local society related services. Also, there was a significant difference in the satisfaction degree between age and specialized service. Through the above research results, detailed rehabilitation programs such as linguistic treatment and working treatment should be more and more compensated in order to supplement the insufficient points of the services provided by the charged recuperation facility specialized in the old. Additionally, the correlation with the local society such as education and training for specialized human labor, close cooperation among the facilities, and positive participation in local society events are thought to be reinforced.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.48-56
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• 2017

본 연구를 통해 대한제국 최초의 황제릉인 금곡 홍릉의 조영특성에서 발견되는 '정체성'을 해석코자하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같이 정리된다. 우선 정체성을 구성하는 양면적 국면 중 내적 자기인식인 '동일성' 측면에서 홍릉은 조선왕조의 번성기를 계승하면서도 명성황후의 청량리 홍릉과 연계되는 '지속성'을 보유하며, 황제 및 황제국가로서의 자존감을 드러내기 위한 다양한 '동일화'의 환경을 드러낸다. 반면 이와 반대되는 국면인 '외적 타자인식'으로서의 '개별성' 측면에 볼 때, 고종황제의 의지와 일제의 간섭이 혼재된 홍릉은 기존의 전통과 구별되는 '특이성'을 통해, 조선왕릉 5기의 양식을 탄생시키는 결과를 이루게 하였다. 아울러 홍릉의 가치는 당시의 혼란스럽고 어려웠던 시대상을 진정성 있게 투영하며, 고종의 국장과 3.1운동 촉발의 장소이라는 '수월성' 역시 보유한다. 이렇듯 금곡의 홍릉은 세계적 문화유산인 조선 왕릉 중에서도 당시의 시대상을 극명하게 반영하는 기록경관인 동시에 역사경관이며, '황제릉'이라는 독특한 특질을 드러내는 비범한 경관이라 할 수 있다.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.149-159
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• 1999

우리나라는 고대국가로부터 현제에 이르기까지 장례를 후리하는 풍습이 있어 정중히 예(禮)를 다하여 장례에 임하고 있음은 주지의 사실이다. 특히 조선의 예는 칠두철미한 유교적인 방법으로 효의식의 묘제에 대한 절차에 의해서 그릇된 영향을 미쳤으며, 더욱이 풍수설로 인하여 이장(移葬)과 공사가 극심하였다. 이후 근대 산업화 발전과 함께 인구가 증가되고 따라서 사자(死者)도 증가되어 묘지가 점차 확대되어 감에 따라 유한한 국토의 효율적인 이용문제가 묘지와 관련되어 제기되게 되었다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 묘지공간이 \ulcorner인생의 의미를 되돌아볼수 있는 명상의 공간\lrcorner 또는 \ulcorner안락함의 장소\lrcorner 등으로 전환될 수 있도록, 자연주의, 평등사상 등 인간가치를 추구하는 인간적인 측면과, 쾌적한 공간을 제공하는 환경적인 측면, 그리고 편리한 납골안치기능과 독창적 상징성을 표현하는 조형적인 측면 등을 고려하여 묘지조형물 디자인을 진행하였다. 특히 우리생활 안에서 일종의 휴식공간, 운동, 교양 등이 함께 어우러질 수 있는 묘지문화를 창출하는 데 역점을 두었다. 그러나 이러한 묘지문화가 실현되기 위해서는 우리사회의 관심이 첨단을 향한 성장일변도에서 탈피하여 정신적 삶의 가치에 관련된 부분도 많은 관심과 투자가 이루어질 때 가능해질 것으로 보인다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.153-162
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• 1988

$D{\acute{o}}ck$ (Korean rice cake) is a peculiar food of Korea made of grain. By means of cooking from, it is defined as 'Pulvberzed food of grain' $D{\acute{o}}ck$ was one of the daily food, but development of boild rice had narrowed it's use to the food of festive days and ceremonies. $D{\acute{o}}ck$ is used as a main food of all Kinds of ceremonies from one's birth to death, such as the Three seven day(a baby's twenty-first day of life), one hunderdth day, birthday, wedding, both brithday, funeral and sacrifical rites, vocational ceremonies, such as a sacrifice to spirits and a srevics for a big catch of fish. It is also used as a present and seasonal food. A large variety of $D{\acute{o}}ck$ is available and its recipe is scientific and reasonable. In this treatise, the Kinds of $D{\acute{o}}ck$ and the frequency of them, the material, the recipe, the measuring unit of material, cooking kitchen utensils and the cooking terms are studied from the books published in Korea from 1670 to 1943. 1. $D{\acute{o}}ck$ was classified as Tcbin $D{\acute{o}}ck$(steamed), Chin $D{\acute{o}}ck$(strikn), Chijin $D{\acute{o}}ck$(fried) and Salmun $D{\acute{o}}ck$(boiled), according to its way of cooking. 2. There were 122 Kinds of $D{\acute{o}}ck$, 57 were Tchin $D{\acute{o}}ck$, 35 Chin $D{\acute{o}}ck$, 20 Chijin $D{\acute{o}}ck$, and 10 Salmun $D{\acute{o}}ck$. 3. There were 34 Kinds of measuring units. Of them, 13 for volume, 4 for weight, 9 for quantity, 4 for length and 4 for the rest. 4. There were 55 Kinds of cooking Kitchen utensils but now many of them are not used because of mechanization or automation of tools of living. 5. There were 143 Kinds of cooking terms. Of them 49 for the preparing process, 25 for the mixing process, 27 for well-forming process 10 for process of getting ready to cook, 14 for heating process, 10 for cutting process, 5 for dishin process and 3 for process of soaking in sugar or honey.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제8호
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• pp.89-119
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• 2009

Kim, Jun-Geun(Gisan) was a late 19th century Chosen dynasty painter who created numerous genre paintings for West European clients in the newly opened treaty ports of Wonsan, Busan and Inchon. The treaty ports in the late 19th century Chosen represented of the crossroads the economy, values, and the institutions of the West European powers. In particular, the agriculture-based economy, Confucianism, and land-owner noble class started being eroded by a commerce-based economy, the values of Christianity, West European institution, and a new class of people who amassed wealth from commerce. As Kim, Jun-Geun's paintings were created for sale to West European clients, they exhibit characteristics that are distinct from the traditional genre paintings in terms of presentation style and the selection of the subject matters. The export genre painting originated in the 18th century around Guangdong, China. Broadly, there are two styles of genre paintings: the Guangzhou style and Ningbo style. Kim, Jun-Geun's paintings resemble the Ningbo style. The Ningbo style tends to highlight the main subjects, form an album of small paintings, and provide a simple treatment of the scenes without the background. Kim, Jun-Geun's paintings cover most aspects of life of common people of his time, ranging well beyond the subjects matters of the traditional genre paintings. His subject matters include the scenes of funeral, folk games, Buddhist and ancestor worship, prison and punishment, shaman custom, debauchees, government officials' formal trips, beggars and handicapped, etc. Many of the subjects are the neglected and the oppressed of the society. And he presents in detail the dress and its ornament that the subjects wear, and all the utensils and things around them. Besides, his subjects' faces are generally expressionless, and their postures are stiff; as such, the feeling of liveliness or movement is lacking. It may be the results of Kim, Jun-Geun's taking the other perspective, namely of his West European clients, rather than his own. The adoption of the other perspective may in turn be a product of the Social Darwinism and the new sense of values that accompanied the infusion of Christianity and West European institutions. Kim, Jun-Geun's portrayals of his subjects appear to reflect the attributes with which the West European Orientalists' of the period characterized the people of the Far East, namely, backwardness, barbarity, irrationality, violence, and mysticism.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.59-68
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• 2011

한국의 장묘 방법의 대부분은 매장묘지와 납골당묘지로 임야에서 이루어지고 있으며 국토 및 임야의 효율적 이용 면에서 심각한 문제가 대두되고 있다. 매장묘지의 제반 문제를 해결하기 위해서 정부 (산림청), 지방자치단체 (인천광역시), 종교법인 (은회사)에서는 새로운 장묘 방법인 수목장을 조성하여 운영하기 시작하였다. 한국과 일본의 수목장에 대한 의식비교 설문조사 결과에 따르면, 80% 이상이 기존의 매장묘지 및 납골당묘지의 문제점을 인식하고 있었다. 그러나 아직까지 한국은 장묘문화에 대한 제반 문제점이 산적해 있고, 수목장에 대한 전문가가 없는 상태에서 관리 및 운영이 이루어지고 있어 국민들의 기대와 요구에 부응한 기능 발휘를 할 수 없는 상태이다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해, 환경 친화적인 수목장은 새로운 장묘 문화로의 전환이다. 일본의 이와테켄 이치노세키시에 위치한 지승원(知勝院)의 경우에는 수목장 조성이 지역 정주 환경 개선에 영향을 주었고, 살기 좋은 마을 100선에 선정되어 관광객의 증가는 물론 지역경제소득 창출에도 좋은 영향을 미치고 있다. 본 연구에서는 상주시를 대상으로 사회환경 변화와 산림의 다양한 기능 발휘를 통해 지역 활성화에 기여하고 지역 주민과 공존할 수 있는 지역 상황에 적합한 수목장 조성의 필요성에 대하여 연구하였다.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.67-77
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• 2019

화장률의 증가로 매장중심에서 화장중심의 문화로 바뀐 우리나라는 봉안을 선호하였으나 봉안시설의 사후 처리문제 등으로 화장한 유골의 새로운 처리 방법인 '자연장 제도'를 도입했다. 화장이후 봉안과 자연장 방법 이외의 산골도 요구되고 있으나 현실까지는 법제화되어 있지 않다. 본 연구는 화장한 유골을 처리하는 산골에 대한 문헌고찰을 장사등에관한 법률에서 정한 '화장한 유골을 뿌리는 시설'에 대해 현황 조사하였다. 조사 결과 화장한 유골을 뿌리는 시설은 공설화장시설 58개소 중 총 42개소가 있었는데 그중 40개소 시설의 명칭이 유택동산이었다. 수도권 공설화장시설 종사자에게 '화장한 유골을 뿌리는 시설'인 산골시설에 대해 설문조사를 실시하였다. 분석결과 95.9%가 산골시설을 알고 있다고 했으며 88.2%는 개선할 부분이 있다고 답하였다. 본 연구는 현황조사와 분석결과를 토대로 산골의 법제화와 산골시설의 다양화 및 현대화 등 개선방안을 제언하고 있다.