• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.247-255
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• 2014

Consumers have become very conscious about their nutrition and well being due to changes in their socio-economic lifestyle and rapid urbanization. Therefore, development of technology for production of low cost and functional meat products is urgently required. One such approach is innovative restructuring technology in which binding of meat pieces still remains the main challenge and extension of product is generally associated with poor binding and texture. Thus, the present study was envisaged as an attempt to solve this problem by the incorporation of flaxseed flour (FF) as bind enhancing agent. The FF was used at three different levels viz., 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% to replace lean meat in pre-standardized restructured mutton chops formulation. The products were subjected to analysis for physico-chemical, sensory and textural properties. Cooking yield, moisture percentage and fat percentage increased with increase in the level of incorporation of FF, however, protein percent and pH decreased with increase in the level of incorporation. Shear force value of product incorporated with 1.5% FF was significantly higher (p<0.01) than control and product containing 0.5% FF level. Among the sensory attributes, product with 1% flaxseed flour showed significantly higher values (p<0.05) for general appearance, binding, texture and overall acceptability. Hardness showed significant increasing (p<0.01) values with increasing levels of incorporation of flaxseed flour, however all other parameters of texture profile analysis showed a decreasing trend. On the basis of sensory scores and physico-chemical properties, the optimum incorporation level of FF was adjudged as 1%. Products incorporated with optimum level of flaxseed flour (1%) were also assessed for water activity and microbiological quality during the storage period of 15 days. It was found that the extended restructured product could be safely stored under refrigeration ($4^{\circ}C{\pm}1^{\circ}C$) in low density polyethylene (LDPE) pouches for 15 days without marked deterioration in sensory and microbiological quality. Thus, it was concluded that flaxseed flour can be used as a good bind enhancing agent in extended restructured meat products at an economic cost.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.12
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• pp.1959-1963
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• 2014

The feasibility of incorporating flaxseed powder up to 8% (w/w) as a value-added food ingredient in convenient food products was investigated using pound cake as a model system. The moisture content, volume, height, and hardness of cakes decreased significantly with increasing levels of flaxseed powder (P<0.05). On the other hand, baking loss increased with higher flaxseed powder in the formulation (P<0.05). Lightness and yellowness decreased, whereas redness increased significantly (P<0.05). 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities increased significantly (P<0.05), and they were well correlated. The consumer acceptance test indicated that addition of 2% flaxseed powder had the most favorable effect on consumer preferences in general. Based on the overall observation, pound cakes with 2% flaxseed powder is recommended to take advantage of its functional properties without sacrificing consumer acceptability.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.299-307
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• 2008

Soybean seed ferritin is essential for human iron supplementation and iron deficiency anemia prevention because it contains abundant bioavailable iron and is frequently consumed in the human diet. However, it is poorly understood in regards its several properties, such as iron mineralization, subunit assembly, and protein folding. To address these issues, we decided to prepare the soybean seed ferritin complex via a recombinant DNA approach. In this paper, we report a rapid and simple Escherichia coli expression system to produce the soybean seed ferritin complex. In this system, two subunits of soybean seed ferritin, H-2 and H-1, were encoded in a single plasmid, and optimal expression was achieved by additionally coexpressing a team of molecular chaperones, trigger factor and GroEL-GroES. The His-tagged ferritin complex was purified by $Ni^{2+}$ affinity chromatography, and an intact ferritin complex was obtained following His-tagged enterokinase (His-EK) digestion. The purified ferritin complex synthesized in E. coli demonstrated some reported features of its native counterpart from soybean seed, including an apparent molecular weight, multimeric assembly, and iron uptake activity. We believe that the strategy described in this paper may be of general utility in producing other recombinant plant ferritins built up from two types of subunits.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.6-15
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• 2009

Biochemical and functional properties of acid-soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin-soluble collagen (PSC) from rockfish skin were characterized. Yield of PSC (90.0%) was higher than that of ASC (63.2%). Both ASC and the PSC consisted of ${\alpha}1$ and ${\alpha}2$ chains, and $\alpha$-cross-linked components. According to the results of hydroxylation of proline and lysine, and FT-IR, no difference between the helical structure of ASC and PSC was identified. Thermal denaturation temperature (TDT) of ASC from rockfish skin was $22.8^{\circ}C$, the same as exhibited in PSC. Both ASC and PSC were higher in water absorption capacity (WAC) and oil absorption capacity (OAC) than other vegetable proteins. According to the results of emulsifying activity (EA) and cooking stability (CS), both ASC and PSC from rockfish skin were inferior compared to the commercial emulsifier (Tween-80). The results of FT-IR suggested that the structure of PSC was slightly different when compared to that of ASC. No differences in solubility were established between ASC and PSC from rockfish skin at various pH and NaCl concentrations.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.938-947
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• 2021

Messerschmidia sibirica is a halophyte that grows in high-salinity areas of coastal sand dunes and sandy shores. This study was conducted to investigate the constituents, antioxidant potency, and physiological activities of M. sibirica. Mineral analyses revealed that potassium, calcium, sodium, and magnesium were the most prevalent minerals in M. sibirica leaves and stems. We used 70% ethanol, 80% methanol, and distilled water as solvents to prepare extracts from M. sibirica tissues, with extraction yields of between approximately 19% and 27% being obtained. Among the six types of extract, the leaf ethanol extract (LEE) was characterized by the highest total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, and the antioxidant activities of the LEE were also the highest among the different solvent extracts. In addition, the leaf water extract was shown to have the highest tyrosinase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, whereas the leaf methanol extract was found to have the highest elastase inhibitory activity. Notably, all leaf extracts were established to have more than 75% β-secretase (BACE1) inhibitory activity at a final concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. These results indicate that leaf extracts of M. sibirica may have beneficial antioxidant properties, and could thus have potential application as functional supplements in food and pharmaceutical products.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.12
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• pp.65-84
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• 1999

During the past few decades, we have witnessed three approaches to overcome the legal disparities between trading countries: - determining the individual governing law in accordance with the conflict of laws principle; - unifying and harmonizing private international law into uniform rules and substantive laws under the auspices of ICC, UNCITRAL, UNIDROIT and various NGOs ; and - drafting model laws like the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce and promoting member countries to enact them. Against this backdrop, the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and the process by which it was adopted, established the benchmark for the unification of commercial law. The CISG, completed in 1980, merged civil and common law concepts and came into force in 1988 after a certain number of countries endorsed the treaty. Besides the CISG, the U.N. Limitations Convention and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Law, to name a few, have attempted to set cross-border legal norms and standards in the international business transactions. However, since the advent of computer-based commerce, there have emerged all-out efforts to establish uniform rules before national legal systems have been developed. As a consequence, the Model Law on Electronic Commerce has become a specimen legislation covering functional equivalents of paper-based writing and signature. For the credit enhancement exemplified by the Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees (ICC Publication No.458), the UNCITRAL prepared the U.N. Convention on Independent Guarantees and Stand-by Letters of Credit, which was adopted by the U.N. General Assembly in 1995 but remains still not effective as only two countries have ratified this treaty so far. In this connection, two draft conventions underway at UNIDROIT and UNCITRAL deserve our attention as the probability of unification in the Korean Peninsula is mounting. They are to create security interests for commercial finance in moveable equipment and accounts receivable. The UCC-type security rights are regarded to be useful to enable the North Koreans with limited properties to borrow from the banks.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.355-369
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• 2004

The equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) immediate-early (IE) protein is a potent transactivator responsible for the activation of both early and late genes during the course of infection and is comprised of discrete functional domains that mediate its many functions. Interaction between trans activators such as the IE protein and various components of the RNA polymerase II transcription initiation machinery has been demonstrated to be critical for transactivation. In the present report, it is addressed the hypothesis that the IE protein interacts with various components of transcription machinery to mediate transactivation of target viral genes. In these studies, it is demonstrated that in vitro transcribed and translated IE protein interacts with TFIIB-agarose conjugate but not with TFIID-agarose conjugate. Additional immunoprecipitation studies using nuclear extracts derived from EHV-1 infected RK-13 cells confirmed that the IE protein interacts strongly with TFIIB, but fails to interact with TFIID. IR2, a truncated form of the IE protein lacking the potent transactivation domain and involved in the down-regulation of the IE gene, also interacted with TFIIB but not with TFIID. Studies were also performed to ascertain if particular TBP-associated factors (TAFs) could mediate IE or IR2 binding to TFIID. In vitro transcribed and translated TAF250 added to nuclear extracts generated from EHV-1 infected cells also failed to mediate an interaction between the IE protein or the IR2 protein and TFIID. This study demonstrated that the IE protein mediates transactivation of target viral genes by a mechanism that involves TFIIB. This is in contrast to mechanisms that have been proposed for both the herpes simplex virus ICP4 and VP16 protein which have been proposed to transactivate viral genes through interactions involving both TFIIB and TFIID. This study also intimates that IR2 mediate its repressive effects during the course of EHV-1 infection by a mechanism that involves sequestration of various transcription factors.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.103-112
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• 2013

Background: The Korean government launched a project in 2008, where the amount of rice used as raw ingredient in rice-based foods in 2012 was planned to increase up to 10% (470,000 ton) of the total rice production through developing various new rice-based processed foods and their commercial manufacturing technology. Among the four major rice-based processed foods, rice cakes and noodles need rice flour as their main raw ingredient. Technology in rice flour utilization and manufacturing is far behind than the technology pertinent to wheat flour in many subject areas. Purpose: This review aims to provide information on rice flour utilization and manufacturing with some fundamental subjects in the area of size reduction. Results: A variety of food items including bread, noodle, cake, cookie, muffin, pre-mix, beverage, vinegar, surimi, and artificial meat have found rice flour as their raw ingredient. Rice bread made out of 100% rice flour has been developed and is now sold in retail stores. Various noodle products made from rice flour are also on the market. Issues on product definition and labeling regulation about rice flour content of the products were explored. Generalized grinding equations available in the literature were seldom used in practice; instead, it has been a general practice to develop empirical equations from test milling data. Introductory remarks on three popular particle size measurement methods (sieving, Coulter counter, light diffraction) were explained. Mathematical expressions frequently used to describe particle size distribution and to correlate cumulative quantity of particles with particle size were represented. Milling methods used in producing rice flour were described along with their advantages and disadvantages. Because of their profound effect on functional properties of the rice flour, four rice flour milling equipments used at both laboratory experiments and commercial manufacturing plants were discussed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.227-229
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• 2019

Currently, people use game engines which is consist of essential elements(Graphic engine, Physics engine, Audio engine, UI system, Gameplay frameworks, etc) to develop video. This game engine is used for its own development, but usually it is used by renting a commercial engine. To be able to use such a game engine requires a lot of theoretical and functional education, but in a limited period of university education, it is impossible to deal with various game engines in game art colleges, not general engineering universities. This paper will compare and analyze the characteristics, and merits and demerits of these two kinds of Game engines (Unity and Unreal engine), and showed the result of analyses about the fact that educating which of the above 2 Game engines are helpful and beneficial for the students for the efficient education in the Art college where should teach much in the limited time.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.127-133
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• 2009

Acrylic pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are used in various field of high-technology industries such as semiconductor, display, mobile, automobile, and so on. Because of they have high durabilities and can be easily introduced functional groups in their molecular structures. PSA perfomances has an effect on their applications in industry process operation, reliability of final products. In this study, PSA performances as a function of fim thickness which is one of the impact factors effects on PSA performances will be investigated using combinatorial methods. Acrylic PSAs are synthesized using 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and acrylic acid. Thickness-gradient of acrylic PSA sample is made by a micro applicator. We compare general coating method with thickness-gradient coating method and evaluate the reappearance of combinatorial methods compared with existing coating method. Thickness-gradient of acrylic PSA sample shows rough and broad data tendency.