• Journal of architectural history
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• v.6 no.3 s.13
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• pp.129-143
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• 1997

The perspective representation and its effect that appeared in the tombs and mural paintings of koguryo are summarized as follows: First, The inside structure of the tombs is likely to show the deepness effect, placing each function in the front and both sides centering around the mane pillars and creating the boundaries and the spaces that have various visibility between the inside and outside spaces of the structure just like a traditional Korean house shows. In addition, The deepness effect is emphasized by suggesting that the spaces are countinued with a storage attached behind the main house or by forming the level and deployment in a narrow space like the scene that a large array is looked out from the main house. Second, The deepness effect is expressed by making the form of ceiling turn to a vertical space of an ascending image, constructing it just as the lotus lamp ceiling of a wooden architecture or drawing it just like the imaginary heavenly world with the sun the moon and mythical fairies and animals spread in it. Thried, The perspective effect is disclosed by drawing the mural pictures in an equally set bird's-eye view without regard to the disfance proportion according to the conceptual visualization which is not a visual penetration, adopting the multiple view points and moving view points that are moving around as an important manner of seeing. Fourth, The deepness effect is emphasized through the scene of changing spaces when they are looked out far or looked into depending on a viewpoint of the daily life by forming the fromes of paintings that we made up with actual pillars, Du Gong, crossbeams or that are painted in most tombs. Fifth, The rich spatial senses are reflected by originating the characters of the three directions, level, deployment and ascending. An example which can support the conclusion of this study can be given here. that is, the construction ground plan of a dwelling house of a nobleman at the end of Koguryo as a remain which was excavated at Dongdae Ja in Jip An.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.493-500
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• 2023

In this study, we developed an impedance sensor capable of controlling electrode polarization by coating iridium oxide (IrO_x) on the surface of the screen-printed carbon electrode. IrO_x was deposited on the surface of carbon electrodes according to the number of cycles (0~50 cycles) by cyclic voltammetry. Observation of scanning electron microscope images revealed that the size and number of IrO_x particles increased as the number of cycles increased. The changes in impedance responses as a function of the NaCl concentration of the as-obtained sensors were investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The sensors manufactured in 50 cycles exhibited the best coefficient of determination and reproducibility, attributed to the well-controlled electrode polarization. We further demonstrated the usefulness of the IrO_x-based sensor as a diagnosis sensor for dry eye syndrome by comparing the results of the commercially available osmometer and our sensor using actual solution samples.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.207-215
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• 2013

Objective: This study aimed to investigate important human factors that should be considered when developing ultra-high definition TVs by reviewing measurement methods and main characteristics of ultra-high definition displays. Background: Although much attention has been paid to high-definition displays, there have been few studies for systematically evaluating human factors. Method: In order to determine human factors to be considered in developing human-friendly displays, we reviewed subjective and objective measurement methods to figure out the current limitations and establish a guideline for developing human-centered ultra-high definition TVs. In doing so, pros and cons of both subjective and objective measurement methods for assessing humans factors were discussed and specific aspects of ultra-high definition displays were also investigated in the literature. Results: Hazardous effects such as visually-induced motion sickness, visual fatigue, and mental fatigue in the brain caused by undesirable TV viewing are induced by not only temporal decay of visual function but also cognitive load in processing sophisticated external information. There has been a growing evidence that individual differences in visual and cognitive ability to process external information can make contrary responses after exposing to the same viewing situation. A wide vision, ultra-high definition TVs provide, can has positive and negative influences on viewers depending on their individual characteristics. Conclusion: Integrated measurement methods capable of considering individual differences in human visual system are required to clearly determine potential effects of super-high vision displays with a wide view on humans. All of brainwaves, autonomic responses, eye functions, and psychological responses should be simultaneously examined and correlated. Application: The results obtained in this review are expected to be a guideline for determining optimized viewing factors of ultra-high definition displays and accelerating successful penetration of the next-generation displays into our daily life.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.1814-1828
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• 2021

Low-light image enhancement is a key technique to overcome the quality degradation of photos taken under scotopic vision illumination conditions. The degradation includes low brightness, low contrast, and outstanding noise, which would seriously affect the vision of the human eye recognition ability and subsequent image processing. In this paper, we propose an approach based on deep learning and Retinex theory to enhance the low-light image, which includes image decomposition, illumination prediction, image reconstruction, and image optimization. The first three parts can reconstruct the enhanced image that suffers from low-resolution. To reduce the noise of the enhanced image and improve the image quality, a super-resolution algorithm based on the Laplacian pyramid network is introduced to optimize the image. The Laplacian pyramid network can improve the resolution of the enhanced image through multiple feature extraction and deconvolution operations. Furthermore, a combination loss function is explored in the network training stage to improve the efficiency of the algorithm. Extensive experiments and comprehensive evaluations demonstrate the strength of the proposed method, the result is closer to the real-world scene in lightness, color, and details. Besides, experiments also demonstrate that the proposed method with the single low-light image can achieve the same effect as multi-exposure image fusion algorithm and no ghost is introduced.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 1986

Nowadays, air pollution by increasing consumption of fossil fuels resulting from rapidly growing population and industrialization has caused the adverse effects on terrestrial ecosystems and become one of the most serious problems causing environmental discriptions. Air pollution such as $SO_2, HF, NO_X,$ fly ash, ozone and PAN might influence plant growth, reproduction, nutrient cycling, photosynthesis and predisposition to entomological and pathological stresses on plants. Furthermore, accumulation of those toxic substances in forests might cause subtle or serious changes in the structure and function of forest ecosystems. Since 1970s, a number of large industrial complexes had been constructed as a part of industrialization plan in Korea. Accordingly, the forest exosystems around them has been under chronic influences of air pollution and effects of air pollution on plants became a matter of concern. In Yocheon Industrial Complex which consisted of lots of petrochemical plants and a phosphatic fertilizer manufacturing plant, forests has been exposed to chronic air pollution, mainly HF and $SO_2$ gas, Various reports were available to investigate the potential effects of air pollution on crops and forest trees in Yocheon. Kim and Kim surveyed vegetation by naked eye method and reported 71 families, 150 genera and 158 species were growing within a 2 km from air pollution sources in 1981. Needle injuries on Pinus spp. in the polluted area water reported by Kim, et al. and Kim, et al. Kim, et al. investigated the primary production of Pinus thunbergii forests in the polluted area and verified that growth inhibition of Pinus thunbergii was attributable to air pollution. Thus, previous reports suggested that forest ecosystems around Yocheon Industrial Complex were influenced adversely by air pollution. The objective of this study was to investigate the subtle ecological changes in forest community exposed to chronic air pollution in Yocheon.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.127-141
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the clinical features of internal derangement of temporomandibular joint. For this study, 117 patients with temporomandibular disorders and 81 dental students without any signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders were selected as the patients group and as the control group, respectively. Preferred chewing side, Angle's classification, lateral guidance pattern, maximal mouth opening range, and affected side were recorded clinically. Head and shouldeer posture was measured in a groundplate on which square diagram of five centimeters each had been drawn, and cephalograph was also taken for measurement of head and neck posture. Sonopak of Biopak system (Bioresearch inc., USA) was used to record joint vibration for evaluation of internal healthy status of temporomandibular joint. The data collected were analyzed by SAS statistical program. The results of this study were as follows : 1. Frequency of left side chewing subjects was higher in patients than in control group, but there was no difference in distribution of subjects by Angle's classification. Other types was prvalent in patients whereas group function was more in control group for lateral guidance pattern. 2. As to lateral guidance pattern by clinical diagnosis, patients with internal derangement and/or degenerative joint disease showed higher frequency was consistent with the result by Sonopak impression. 3. There was no difference for shoulder height between the two groups, however, tilting of head and backward extension of cervical spine was more frequent in control group. 4. Acromion was positioned more anteriorly in patients with internal derangement and/or degenerative joint disease than in control group and angle between eye and tragus was larger in patients. Patients with degenerative joint disease showed more flexed head posture than control group did in cephalometric profile. 5. Maximal mouth opening range in patients with internal derangement was the least in all subgroups in patients classified by Sonopak impression.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.1289-1300
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• 2022

Background: The purpose of this study was to report the improvement of a patient with one-and-a-half syndrome, vertigo, and paresthesia caused by acute primary pontine hemorrhage (PPH) after a combination treatment of traditional Korean and Western medicine. Case report: A 51-year-old female with one-and-a-half syndrome, vertigo, and paresthesia after PPH was treated with Korean medicine, including herbal medication, acupuncture, and moxibustion, and Western medicine, including medication and rehabilitation therapy during hospitalization. Her progress was evaluated by checking for changes in symptoms with the extraocular muscle (EOM) function test, numeral rating scale (NRS), and follow-up brain computed tomography scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). After 41 days of treatment, the EOM movement was improved, leaving limited abduction of the left eye. The NRS scores for vertigo and paresthesia decreased from 10 to 5 and from 10 to 3, respectively. Improvement was noted in hematoma in MRI, but a new ischemic lesion was also discovered. Conclusion: This case reports the clinical course of one-and-a-half syndrome and suggests that a combined therapy of traditional Korean and Western medicine can be useful for PPH patients with one-and-a-half syndrome, vertigo, and paresthesia. However, studies of larger populations are required.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.1-16
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• 2012

In order to study the effect of CPS in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD), its role on various immune related cytokines were tested. Levels of liver and kidney function markers such as ALT, AST, BUN in NC/Nga mice were all normal indicating no toxicity in CPS treated group. Significant recovery from AD could be observed in CPS treated group through naked eye observation. Dermatitis index was significantly decreased after 11, 12, and 13 weeks of treatment. CD4+, CD8+, CD3+ /CD69+ immune cell ratio in DLN were decreased significantly by 37.2%, 49%, 20.8% in CPS treated group. CD4+ and CD11b+ /Gr-1+ immune cell ratio in dorsal skin were decreased significantly by 50.8% and 59.2% in CPS treated group. Expression of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13 and TNF-${\alpha}$ in spleen were decreased by 78.8%, 97.8%, 64.7%, 73.6%, and 68.4%, respectively in CPS treated group. The results above strongly indicated the significant immune modulatory effect of CPS and thus clinical application of CPS on AD treatment.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.357-364
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• 2005

To develope the assessment equpiments of an optical system using adaptive optics, we developed the program of wavefront reconstruction for an optical system like eye. We used matlab in order to program the wavefront reconstruction for an optical system and presented the wavefront function of optical system by the zemike polynomials using modal method. To test the developed program, we calculated the zemike coefficient(n=7) of cooke triplet using code V, and compared the wavefront shape and the zemike polynomials using code V to those using the developed program. In this case, the used zemike coefficients were n=2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 and the number of sub-aperture were 1,253. From these results, we know that the reconstructed wavefronts were similar to the wavefront of cooke triplet as n was the larger than 4 and the zemike coefficient was equal to that of cooke triplet as n was 7. The developed program is able to be applied to the core technology to develope the assessment equipment of an optical system using the adaptive optics.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.529-536
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• 2017

The general ground control system has control and information display functions for the operation of a single unmanned aerial vehicle. Recently, the function of the single ground control system extends to the operation of multiple UAVs. As a result, operators have been exposed to more diverse tasks and are subject to task overload due to various factors during their mission. This study proposes an adaptive ground control system that reflects the operator's condition through the task overload measurement of multiple UAV operators. For this, the ground control software is developed to control multiple UAVs at the same time, and the simulator with six degree-of-freedom aircraft dynamics is constructed for realistic human-machine-interface experiments by the operators.