• 대한한의학원전학회지
• /
• 제18권3호통권30호
• /
• pp.116-125
• /
• 2005

1) Objective ${\lceil}Wai-Tai-Mi-Yao{\rfloor}$ had been made by Wang-Dao(王燾) in Tang Dynasty(唐朝). It included fumigation therapy and aroma therapy. Therefore we would like to bring out use sphere and detailed method of Fumigation therapy and Aroma therapy in Tang Dynasty and before period. 2) Conclusions (1) Fumigation therapies of ${\lceil}Wai-Tai-Mi-Yao{\rfloor}$ have contained boil and burn. The effects of fumigation therapy are made by cooperation effect of medicine and heat. (2) Aroma therapies of ${\lceil}Wai-Tai-Mi-Yao{\rfloor}$ have been used to cure infectious, internal, psychologic, dental, pediatric, dermatologic and surgical diseases. Especially these therapies have a good effect on cough. (4) Aroma therapies of ${\lceil}Wai-Tai-Mi-Yao{\rfloor}$ have been used to cure infectious, internal, psychologic, dental, ophthalmic, otolaryngologic, obstetrics, gynecologic, dermatologic and surgical diseases. Expecially this therapy has an good effect on nightmare.

• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제38권2호
• /
• pp.205-212
• /
• 2011

The potential factors for quality loss of cleaned fresh ginseng and technology to be associated with the improvement of marketability through pre-packaging fumigation were examined. Major microorganisms isolated from fresh ginseng included Botrytis cinerea, and Erwinia sp. Others such as Cylindrocarpon sp., Fusarium spp., Pennicilium spp., Bacillus spp. were also found at relatively low frequency. The bacterial density of vacuum packaged fresh ginseng rapidly increased during simulated marketing. Little correlation between bacterial growth and package swelling was found. In order to improve packaging method of fresh ginseng, pre-packaging treatment of 2-phenylethyl alcohol (PE, 100 uL/L, 4 hr) was examined. The fumigation treatment effectively inhibited the growth of bacteria density and also effective on keeping firmness of ginseng root, especially in cortical portion. The internal gas compositions of plastic container packaged for ginseng were approximately ranged between 6 to 8% $O_2$and 3 to 4% $CO_2$. The $O_2$ level of fumigation treatment was lower than control whereas $CO_2$ level was higher. The upsurge of ethylene evolution I day after simulated marketing was found only in fumigation treatment but it returned to ordinary level at day 2. The sucrose content of 2-PE treatment was significantly reduced at 5 days after simulated marketing but reducing sugars like glucose and fructose remained at higher level. The difference in sugar levels was reduced after 10 days of simulated marketing. The decay of fresh ginseng began at the lateral or fine root, which is weak to physical damage, in general. The epidermis was more damaged. Plastic container packaging with PE fumigation could be an alternative to vacuum packaging, which allows an aerobic environment and prevents anaerobic respiration. Further study of pre-package fumigation is required to improve technology of fresh ginseng marketing.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.133-137
• /
• 1982

한국산 생밤의 효율적인 적정훈증소독방법을 구명하기 위하여 실시한 시험결과 Phostoxin에 의한 훈증소독은 처리기간에 관계없이 생밤을 급히 부패시키거나 각피를 변색시키는 등 약해를 나타내는 반면에 생밤의 밤바구미와 밤나방의 유충을 완전히 사멸시키지 못했다. 그러나 Methyl bromide를 $m^3$당 40g 투약하여 $21^{\circ}C$에서 4시간 훈증하면 약해는 나타나지 알았지만 생밤가해 해충의 방제에는 효과가 낮았고 Methyl bromide를 $m^3$당 50g 투약하여 $21^{\circ}C$에서 24시간 훈증하면 생밤을 가해하는 해충의 유충은 어느 것이나 모두 효과적으로 제어할 수 있었지만 과육의 표면을 암색 또는 진한 갈색으로 변색시키는 등 심한 약해를 일으켰다. 그렇지만 4시간 훈증한 것은 생밤의 밤바구미와 밤나방의 유충을 완전히 사멸시켰을 뿐만 아니라 아무런 약해도 발생하지 않았다.

• 공기청정기술
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.34-43
• /
• 2010

In most productive facility of pharmaceutical companies, the fumigation using formaldehyde gas has been put into operation. Because formaldehyde gas is so bactericidal as to sterilize bacterial spore which can not be sterilized with usual disinfectants, it has been used for fumigation in many facilities such as facility of experimental animals, research institute and productive facility of pharmaceutical companies which are required to be high level of biological clean. However, the use of formaldehyde is recently under the strict management because of its causing of sick house and carcinogenesis. We introduce the conditions of sterilization using formaldehyde gas, the examples of sterilization using formaldehyde gas in a pharmaceutical manufacture and the problems of use of formaldehyde against environments and health. Further, we describe the characteristics and future subjects of the sterilization method using gasified oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid and chlorine oxide.

• 한국산업보건학회지
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.32-40
• /
• 2008

Methyl bromide has been used as a representative fumigant for quarantine, and several poisoning cases have occurred recently by this chemical in Korea. The purpose of this study is to evaluate workers' exposures to airborne methyl bromide in the importing and exporting plant products quarantine companies. Air samples were collected 400/200 mg Anasorb 747TM and were analyzed by gas chromatograph /flame ionization detector according to the Occupational Safety and Health Agency (OSHA) Method PV2040. Geometric mean (GM) and arithmetic mean (AM) of total 27 workers' exposure concentrations to airborne methyl bromide were 1.12 ppm and 0.24 ppm, respectively. Two exposures(12.1 ppm and 12 ppm as 8hr-TWA) of total 27 workers' exposures exceeded the Korean standard (5 ppm) of Ministry Labor, while 4 exposures (15%) exceeded the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) (1 ppm) of American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Seven samples (11%) of total 63 short-term air samples exceeded the OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) 20 ppm (Ceiling). The opening (management) task in wood fumigation by tent showed the highest short-term exposure concentrations (AM: 18.6 ppm, GM: 0.58 ppm, maximum: 340.7 ppm). The maximum level in treatment task of the same process was 2.01 ppm. Methyl bromide concentrations in opening operation was significantly higher than that in treatment operation (p<0.05). In conclusion, the GM of workers' 8hr-TWA exposures to airborne methyl chloride in the importing/exporting plant quarantine industry was estimated below the ACGIH TLV (1 ppm). However, opening task in the fumigation of wood being covered with tent or fumigation of pant products in container showed the levels exceeding ACGIH TLV (1 ppm), and opening task in the fumigation of wood being covered with tent showed the level exceeding the Korean standard of Ministry of Labor (5 ppm).

• Mycobiology
• /
• 제46권3호
• /
• pp.242-253
• /
• 2018

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the major vegetable crops in Korea that are damaged and lost by pathogenic fungal infection during storage due to a lack of proper storage conditions. The aim of this study was to determine an appropriate control measure using thymol to increase the shelf life of onions. To control fungal infections that occur during low-temperature storage, it is necessary to identify the predominant fungal pathogens that appear in low-temperature storage houses. Botrytis aclada was found to be the most predominant fungal pathogen during low-temperature storage. The antifungal activity of the plant essential oil thymol was tested and compared to that of the existing sulfur treatments. B. aclada growth was significantly inhibited up to 16 weeks with spray treatments using a thymol solution. To identify an appropriate method for treating onions in a low-temperature storage house, thymol was delivered by two fumigation treatment methods, either by heating it in the granule form or as a solution at low-temperature storage conditions (in vivo). We confirmed that the disease severity was reduced up to 96% by fumigating thymol solution compared to the untreated control. The efficacy of the fumigation of thymol solution was validated by testing onions in a low-temperature storage house in Muan, Jeollanam-do. Based on these results, the present study suggests that fumigation of the thymol solution as a natural preservative and fungicide can be used as an eco-friendly substitute for existing methods to control postharvest disease in long-term storage crops on a commercial scale.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
• /
• 제58권4호
• /
• pp.341-345
• /
• 2019

에틸포메이트는 살충 효과가 빠르고 환경에 무해하며 특히 인축독성이 낮아 검역용 훈증제로 등록되어 있다. 이러한 에틸포메이트를 이용하여 훈증 챔버 (0.275 ㎥) 내에서 4종의 농업 해충 (오이총채벌레, 담배가루이, 복숭아혹진딧물, 점박이응애)과 4종의 작물 (참외, 오이, 토마토, 고추) 유묘기를 대상으로 12시간 훈증 처리하여 약효와 약해를 평가하였다. 에틸포메이트 1.5 g/㎥의 약량으로 12시간 훈증 했을 때 담배가루이와 복숭아혹진딧물은 93.3% 이상의 높은 살충력를 나타내었으나, 점박이응애는 2.0 g/㎥ 약량에서도 20% 미만의 낮은 살충력을 나타내었다. 그리고 에틸포메이트의 CT값(농도×시간)이 훈증 처리 온도 20 ± 1.5℃에서 8.9 g·h/㎥ 이상일 때 점박이응애를 제외한 나머지 3종의 해충에 대해서 90% 이상의 살충 효과를 얻을 수 있었다. 에틸포메이트 1.5 g/㎥의 약량으로 상기 4작물을 12시간 훈증했을 때 약해 증상은 나타나지 않았다. 따라서 에틸포메이트 훈증기술은 시설 내 해충방제를 위한 새로운 방식이 될 수 있으며 관행적인 살충제의 사용을 줄일 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 해충의 충태별, 작물의 생육 시기별 에틸포메이트 약효 및 약해에 대한 많은 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
• /
• 제24권5호
• /
• pp.608-614
• /
• 2017

본 연구는 저장 및 유통과정 중 곶감의 품질 변화를 방지하기 위한 방법으로 기존에 사용되어 왔던 유황 훈증 대체 물질로 이산화염소 훈증 방법의 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 곶감을 이산화염소 가스 훈증 농도(0, 15, 30, 45 ppm) 및 시간(0, 15, 30, 45 min)에 따라 처리한 후 상온에서 보관하면서 미생물학적 변화, 물성 및 색도를 관찰하였다. 이산화염소 가스 훈증 처리 후 총 호기성 세균과 효모 및 곰팡이 수는 대조구와 비교하였을 때 미생물 수가 감소하였으며, 총 호기성 세균의 저해 효과는 저장기간 동안 지속되었고, 효모 및 곰팡이 수의 경우에도 총 호기성 세균과 유사한 경향을 나타내었다. 곶감의 물성 및 색도는 이산화염소 가스 훈증 농도 및 시간에 의해 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이산화염소 가스 훈증 처리는 곶감의 저장 중 미생물학적 안전성 확보를 위한 처리 기술로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제22권E2호
• /
• pp.89-98
• /
• 2006

Two tobacco cultivars (Nicotiana tabacum L.), Bel-B and Bel-W3, tolerant and sensitive to ozone, respectively, were grown in a greenhouse supplied with charcoal filtered air and exposed to 200 ppb ozone for 4 hr. Effects on chlorophyll fluorescence, net photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance are described. Quantum yield was calculated from chlorophyll fluorescence and the initial slope of the assimilation-light curve measured by the gas exchange method. Only the sensitive cultivar, Bel-W3, developed visual injury symptoms on up to 50% of the $5^{th}$ leaf. The maximum net photosynthetic rate of ozone-treated plants was reduced 40% compared to control plants immediately after ozone fumigation in the tolerant cultivar; however, photosynthesis recovered by 24 hr post fumigation and remained at the same level as control plants. On the other hand, ozone exposure reduced maximum net photosynthesis up to 50%, with no recovery, in the sensitive cultivar apparently causing permanent damage to the photosystem. Reductions in apparent quantum efficiency, calculated from the assimilation-light curve, differed between cultivars. Bel-B showed an immediate depression of 14% compared to controls, whereas, Bel-W3 showed a 27% decline. Electron transport rate (ETR), at saturating light intensity, decreased 58% and 80% immediately after ozone treatment in Bel-B and Bel-W3, respectively. Quantum yield decreased 28% and 36% in Bel-B and Bel-W3, respectively. It can be concluded that ozone caused a greater relative decrease in linear electron transport than maximum net photosynthesis, suggesting greater damage to PSII than the carbon reduction cycle.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.111-119
• /
• 2009

A prototype GIS-based decision support system (DSS) was developed by using a database management system (DBMS), a model management system (MMS), a knowledge-based system (KBS), a graphical user interface (GUI), and a geographical information system (GIS). The method of selecting a dispersion model or a modeling scheme, originally devised by Park and Seok, was developed using our GIS-based DSS. The performances of candidate models or modeling schemes were evaluated by using a single index(statistical score) derived by applying fuzzy inference to statistical measures between the measured and predicted concentrations. The fumigation dispersion model performed better than the models such as industrial source complex short term model(ISCST) and atmospheric dispersion model system(ADMS) for the prediction of the ground level $SO_2$ (1 hr) concentration in a coastal area. However, its coincidence level between actual and calculated values was poor. The neural network models were found to improve the accuracy of predicted ground level $SO_2$ concentration significantly, compared to the fumigation models. The GIS-based DSS may serve as a useful tool for selecting the best prediction model, even for complex terrains.