• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.175-184
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• 2023

검출기의 실제 모양과 제조사에서 제공한 데이터를 기준으로 Penelope simulation을 통해 검출기 모양을 구현하며 측정치에서 얻은 효율을 기준으로 하여 적합한 사층 두께에 적용하였다. 검출기의 simulation 된 전체에너지피크 효율 채널수와 crystal의 Outside contact layer가 전체에너지피크 효율에 미치는 영향을 결정 하기위한 효율 계산은 Penelope Code를 사용하여 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.2 ,1.4 mm의 다양한 사층 두께에 대해 수행하였다. 외부 접촉 사층 두께가 5배 증가하였을 때, 59.50 keV의 경우 전체에너지피크 효율이 약 36% 감소하였으며, 1836.01 keV 경우 10% 감소하였다. 또한 10배 증가할수록 59.54 keV의 경우 FEP 효율이 약 20% 감소하였으며, 1836.01 keV 경우 7% 감소하였음을 확인하였다. Penelope simulation된 전체에너지피크 효율 채널은 사층 증가에 따라 기하급수적으로 감소한다. 또한, 총 효과 곡선은 0.3 - 1.4 mm 사층 두께 영역에서 3.5% 미만의 상대적 차이로 잘 일치함을 확인하였다. 그러나 비균질 사층이 몬테카를로 모델에서 여전히 매개변수라는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.723-728
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• 2009

The response property of the CZT detector ($5{\times}5{\times}5\;mm^3$), widely used in photon spectroscopy, was evaluated by considering the charge collection efficiency, which depends on the interaction position of incident radiation, A quantitative analysis of the energy spectra obtained from the CZT detector was also performed to investigate the tail effect at the low energy side of the full energy peak. The collection efficiency of electrons and holes to the two electrodes (i.e., cathode and anode) was calculated from the Hecht equation, and radiation transport analysis was performed by two Monte Carlo codes, Geant4 and MCNPX. The radiation source was assumed to be 59.5 keV gamma rays emitted from a $^{241}Am$ source into the cathode surface of this detector, and the detector was assumed to be biased to 500 V between the two electrodes. Through the comparison of the results between the Geant4 calculation considering the charge collection efficiency and the ideal case from MCNPX, an pronounced difference of 4 keV was found in the full energy peak position. The tail effect at the low energy side of the full energy peak was confirmed to be caused by the collection efficiency of electrons and holes. In more detail, it was shown that the tail height caused by the charge collection efficiency went up to 1000 times the pulse height in the same energy bin at the calculation without considering the charge collection efficiency. It is, therefore, apparent that research considering the charge collection efficiency is necessary in order to properly analyze the characteristics of CZT detectors.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2017

In laser full penetration welding process, full penetration hole(FPH) is formed as a result of force balance between the vapor pressure and the surface tension of the surrounding molten metal. In this work, a three-dimensional numerical model based on a conserved-mass level-set method is developed to simulate the transport phenomena during laser full penetration welding process, including full penetration keyhole dynamics. Ray trancing model is applied to simulate multi-reflection phenomena in the keyhole wall. The ghost fluid method and continuum method are used to deal with liquid/vapor interface and solid/liquid interface. The effects of processing parameters including laser power and scanning speed on the resultant full penetration hole diameter, laser energy distribution and energy absorption efficiency are studied. The model is validated against experimental results. The diameter of full penetration hole calculated by the simulation model agrees well with the coaxial images captured during laser welding of thin stainless steel plates. Numerical simulation results show that increase of laser power and decrease of welding speed can enlarge the full penetration hole, which decreases laser energy efficiency.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.223-226
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• 1975

${\gamma}$-선의 full-energy Peak에 대한 상대적 검출효율을 Pair-Point method에 의해서 결정하였다. 이때 사용된 방사선원은 ${\gamma}$-선의 상대적 방출율이 이미 잘 측정된 $^{56}$ Co 이 됐다. 이 방법을 통해서, ${\gamma}$-선 에너지 범위 800-3500keV에 걸쳐, 반응치적 43.8cc, 32.6cc 및 6cc의 Ge(Li) 검출기들의 검출효율을 보정하였다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 1996년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.274-277
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• 1996

This paper describes the realization of the full-color to the degree of nearest white light by compounding high brightness Red, Green and Blue LEDs with appropriate proportional index. Once these three colors; red, green and blue are mixed, they are genearlly additive mixing and produce white light color contrasted to negative mixing. The luminous efficiency is defined as the product of the efficiency(lm/w), which indicates the degree of perceptual response by the human eye to unit energy(W) of light emitted by an active display devises and as the conversion efficiency of the device from electric power consumed to optical energy produced. We will deduce the each number of LEDs theoretically and design several shapes of LED displays for the full-color. Finally theoretical predictions will be compared with the measured data with different type of display designs.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.217-224
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• 2014

The present work used the efficiency transfer method used to calculate the full energy peak efficiency (FEPE) curves of the (2"*2" & 3"*3") NaI (Tl) detectors based on the effective solid angle subtended between the source and the detector. The study covered the effect of the self attenuation coefficient of the source matrix (with a radius greater than the detector's radius) on the detector efficiency. $^{152}$ An Eu aqueous radioactive source covering the energy range from 121.78 keV up to 1408.01 keV was used. In this study an empirical formula was deduced to calculate the difference between the measured and the calculated efficiencies [without self attenuation] at low and high energy regions. A proper balance between the measured and calculated efficiencies [with self attenuation] was achieved with discrepancies less than 3%, while reaching 39% for calculating values [without self attenuation] due to working with large sources, or for low photon energies.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.462-469
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• 2018

The background spectrum of a $3^{{\prime}{\prime}}{\times}3^{{\prime}{\prime}}$ NaI(Tl) well-type scintillation SILENA detector was measured without shielding, in 6 cm thick lead shielding, and with 2 mm thick electrolytic copper covering the detector inside the lead shielding. The relative remaining background of the lead shield lined with copper was found to be ideal for low-level environmental radioactive spectroscopy. The background total count rate in the (20-2160 KeV) was reduced 28.7 times by the lead and 29 times by the Cu + Pb shielding. The effective reduction of background (1.04) by the copper mainly appeared in the energy range from X-ray up to 500 KeV, while for the total energy range the ratio is 1.01 relative to the lead only. In addition, a strong relation between the full-energy peak absolute efficiency and the detector well height was found using gamma-ray isotropic radiation point sources placed inside the detector well. The full-energy peak efficiency at a midpoint of the well (at 2.5 cm) is three times greater than that on the detector surface. The energy calibrations and the resolution of any single energy line are independent of the locations of the gamma source inside or outside of the well.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.387-398
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• 2012

It is known that transformer based power supplies for ozone generators have low efficiency, high cost and exhibits a limited frequency range of operation. To overcome these disadvantages, this paper proposes a high frequency ozone generator with the absence of a transformer. The voltage step-up is achieved only by utilizing the resonant tank. This is made possible by a novel combination of ozone chamber materials that allow ozone to be generated at only 1.5 - 3.5 $kV_{p-p}$. The input to the resonant tank is driven by a PWM full bridge resonant inverter. Furthermore, zero-current zero-voltage switching (ZCZVS) operation is achieved by employing a duty factor of 25% between the switches of the full bridge. The advantages of the proposed system include high efficiency, low cost and the ability to control ozone production by varying the input voltage to the inverter. The prototype is verified by both simulation and experimental results.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.234-242
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• 2003

The full energy peak efficiency of a hyper pure germanium (HPGe) detector was calibrated in a wide energy range from 0.06 to 11 MeV. Both the experimental technique and the Monte Carlo method were used for the efficiency calibration. The measurement was performed using the standard radioisotopes in the low energy region of $60{\sim}1408$ keV, which was further extended up to 11 MeV by using the $^{14}N(n,r)\;and\;^{35}Cl(n,r)$ reactions. The GEANT Monte Carlo code was used for efficiency calculation. The calculated efficiency had the same dependency on the r-ray energy with the measurement, and the discrepancy between the calculation and the measurement was minimized by fine-tuning of the detector geometry. From the calculated result, the efficiency curve of the HPGe detector was reliably determined particularly in the high energy region above several MeV, where the number of measured efficiency points is relatively small despite the wide energy region. The calculated efficiency agreed with the measurement within about $7\%$. In addition to the efficiency calculation, the origin of the local minimum near 600 keV on the efficiency curve was analyzed as a general characteristics of a HPGe detector.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.523-528
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• 2003

The efficiencies of single escape and double escape peaks were calculated by using Monte Carlo method and compared with measured efficiencies. The efficiency was obtained from the area ratio of escape peak to full energy absorption peak and the full energy absorption peak efficiency. For the escape peak interfered with other $\gamma-ray$ peaks, the net area was obtained by area correction. The GEANT code developed in CERN was used for the Monte Carlo calculation. The calculated efficiencies of the escape peaks agreed with the measurement within $12\%$.