• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.38-49
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• 2013

Prohexadione-calcium (Pro-Ca), ethephon and transient water stress were evaluated in a factorial design, as potential inhibitors of early-season shoot growth of high density orchard management of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees. In the experiment, water stress was imposed to one-half of the 7-year-old 'Golden Delicious'/M.9 apple trees in each of 5 blocks, by stopping irrigation for 3 weeks between 35 and 56 days after full bloom (AFB). Within each whole unit, the following Pro-Ca and ethephon treatments were randomly allocated at $2{\times}2$ factorial: a) 0 or 250 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ a.i. Pro-Ca applied at 28 days AFB and b) 0 or 300 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ a.i. ethephon applied twice (35 and 71 days AFB). All trees were hand thinned to king flowers prior to treatments. Vegetative shoot growth was markedly reduced by Pro-Ca, with its effect being obvious within 14 days after application, while ethephon and water stress treatments were less effective. Pro-Ca had no effect on fruit set and yield but slightly increased fruit size. Ethephon substantially reduced the fruit size and yield but had no effect on fruit set. Water stress reduced fruit set, fruit size and yield. With regard to fruit quality, Pro-Ca did not influence fruit shape, flesh firmness and soluble solids contents (SSC) but slightly reduced titratable acidity. Ethephon had no effect on fruit shape but increased firmness, SSC and acidity, while water stress did not influence these fruit quality attributes. Dry weight of dormant spur buds was reduced by both Pro-Ca and water stress, while increased by ethephon. The larger dormant buds led to the larger spur flowers at the tight cluster stage the following spring. Return flowering was promoted only by ethephon, especially on previous season's shoots. There were no significant interactions between Pro-Ca and ethephon or water stress on most variables observed in this study.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.120-125
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• 2011

A field experiment was conducted to examine the fruit quality characters in second generation ($F_2$) hybrid cultivar and to compare the fruit characters with original $F_1$ hybrid cultivar of minipaprika (yellow and orange type) at the Research Farm, Hwacheon in July, 2010. Fruit characters varied within $F_2$ population of each minipaprika type. In minipaprika yellow, fruit weight varied from 12.2 g to 50.8 g (average 28.5 g) and fruit length/width varied from 1.4 to 2.8 (average, 2.0). Pericarp thickness ranged from 1.8 mm to 4.1 mm (average, 2.9 mm). Total soluble solid (TSS) varied from $6.2^{\circ}Brix$ to $13.5^{\circ}Brix$ with an average of $8.7^{\circ}Brix$. Fruit volume varied from 10.3 cc to 46.7 cc with an average of 24.4 cc. In minipaprika orange type, fruit weight ranged from 19.7 g to 42.4 g (average, 29.0 g) and fruit length/width varied from 1.5 to 2.6 (average, 2.0). Pericarp thickness varied from 2.1 mm to 4.1 mm with an average of 3.0 mm. TSS varied from $5.0^{\circ}Brix$ to $12.2^{\circ}Brix$ (average, $7.9^{\circ}Brix$) and average fruit volume was 24.6 cc ranging from 10.7 cc to 35.0 cc. The average fruit quality characters in $F_2$ population in both yellow and orange minipaprika did not differ from their $F_1$ hybrid parent and $F_2$ seed can be an additional way to supply high yielding hybrid cultivars at lower cost to the minipaprika growers.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.341-355
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• 2022

This research was to examine the differences in post-harvest quality of melons depending on the harvest time after fruit setting. Musk melon cultivar 'K3' plants were grown in glass house conditions with a hydroponic system, and the fruits were harvested at 50, 60, and 70 days after fruit setting. The post-harvest characteristics of melons stored at 7℃ were measured over 32 days. The harvested fruits at 50, 60, 70 days after fruit setting did not differ significantly in weight, height, or size. Solid sugar content was highest in the fruits harvested at 70 days after fruit setting, but firmness, L* value, and respiration rate were highest in the fruits harvested at 50 days after fruit setting. When the harvested melons were stored at 7℃, 'K3' melons responded differently according to the harvest days after fruit setting. The major changes during storage of 'K3' melons can be summarized as follows: Firmness, respiration, moisture content, and general appearance index during storage were highest in the melons harvested at 50 days after fruit setting, but soluble solid content, fresh weight loss, and sensory evaluation were high in the melons harvested at 60 and 70 days after one. During storage at 7℃, there were no significant differences in the appearance of 'K3' melons harvested at different periods after fruit setting, but difference in soluble solid content and taste were noted. It is recommended that the fruit of 'K3' melon plants be harvested about 60 days after fruiting to provide consumers with the highest quality for taste and for storage.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.92-96
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• 1997

This study was carried out to clarify the effects of number of branches per pot on the growth and yield in long term bag-culture of sweet pepper. Two plants were grown in pot with four, six, and eight branches. The results are summarized as the followings : 1. Plant height, stem diameter, leaf dry weight, root dry weight, and stem dry weight did not significantly differ among treatments, while the number of leaves and leaf area were the greatest In the treatment with eight branches per pot. 2. Although fruit length was not influenced by the number of branches per pot, fruit diameter and fruit weight were greater with four branches per pot. The yield of the four branches was 124.5ton/ha, which was not significantly different from the yield of the eight branches, 113.4ton/ha. Considering the average fruit weight, fruit quality, and labor saving, four branches per pot appears to be appropriate. 3. Although the yield of eight branches per pot during the first five months was higher, however, four branches per pot should be recommended for the long term bag- culture of sweet pepper because the yield of the four branches from April, which is the middle stage of growth to the final harvest was higher than the yields of the others.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2015

High temperature stress in summer season at plastic house is a limiting factor for tomato fruit set and yield. This study was performed to assess the effects of gibberellic acid ($GA_3$) and 2,4-Dichlophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) spray on fruit set, yield, and quality of tomato cv. 'Adoration'(Enza Zaden Co., Ltd.) under the plastic house in Hwacheon, 2011. Four concentrations (0-, 5-, 10- and $15mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) of $GA_3$, and three concentrations (0-, 5- and $10mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) 2,4-D were sprayed in early flowering of tomato in the plastic house, and fruit set, yield and quality characters were observed. The results showed that spray of $10mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $GA_3$ significantly increased the fruit set by 14.2% than unsprayed. The spray of $GA_3$ significantly increased the marketable fruit number, fruit weight, and yield. The spray of 2,4-D on blossoms significantly affected the fruit set percentage, fruit weight, marketable fruit weight and yield, and the highest fruit set observed as 62.5% in combined spray of $GA_3$ and 2,4-D at each $5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. Fruit size and total soluble solids significantly varied with the concentrations of $GA_3$ sprayed. The result indicates that the spray of $10mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $GA_3$ and $5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 2,4-D can be more economic and effective to increase the fruit set, and yield in tomato under high temperature condition in plastic house.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.644-658
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• 2021

Understanding the functional traits of dominant species in urban ecosystems provides insight into species' trait adaptation and ecosystem function in response to fragmented and isolated urban vegetation and reduced biological interactions. This study compared means and variances of environmental factors (geographic, meteorological, and soil attributes) and 4 leaf traits (leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf dry mass content, and leaf shape index) and 7 reproductive traits (fruit width, fruit length, fruit shape, fruit dry weight, fruit dry matter content, seed weight, and seed ratio) measured of 40 Sorbus alnifolia individuals in four mountainous areas south of Seoul downtown, South Korea. We then performed the multivariate analysis of trait combinations. While the measured environmental factors indicated the individuality of the survey sites, the urban vegetation was drier and had a longer growth period. The leaves of S. alnifolia in the urban areas were smaller and heavier, and the fruits produced longer and lighter seeds, showing the traits affected by long urbanization. The study confirmed changes in the growth and reproduction mechanism of the S. alnifolia population under the urban environment, indicating reduced biological interaction due to vegetation fragmentation and isolation. This study provides limited but distinct ecological information about the function and persistence of key species in cities with a reduced scale of biological interactions and many negative environmental factors such as air pollution.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.782-788
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• 2010

Detail management standard on soil conditions in 'Kyoho' grapes were not yet made. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the optimum soil environmental conditions on production of high fruit quality in 'Kyoho' grapes. We established using correlation between fruit quality and soil condition. These results were used to develop soil management guideline with promoting efficiency and minuteness in grape vineyard. Soil conditions were analyzed at total 80 vineyards in major grape producing areas such as Ansung, and Cheonan (40 orchards an area). The soil environmental factors affected fruit weight were soil pH of 36.6%, cultivation layer depth of 23.3%, and cation of 17.8%. The soil condition factors affected sugar content were soil hardness of 24.4%, cation of 24.1% and organic matter content of 22.1%. Cultivation layer depth, soil texture, and phosphate content were low as relative contribution. Coloring was involved with organic matter content, CEC (cation exchange capacity), and saturated hydraulic conductivity. while soil pH, cultivation layer depth, and phosphate content showed low contribution. Finally, relative contribution on fruit quality related with sugar content, fruit weight, and coloring were soil hardness of 28.0%, organic matter content of 25.0%, soil pH of 12.9%.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.485-491
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• 2009

In order to examine the nutritional value of prickly pear(Opuntia humifusa), contents of ash, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins were determined on freeze-dried stem, fruit, seed and root from plants harvested in autumn. The average moisture contents for stem, fruit, seed and root were 67~87%. Crude ash content determined on dry weight basis was 2~3%. Crude protein existed mostly in seed(2.95%) and root(2.37%). Crude fat was detected mainly in seed(4.49%). Contents of major minerals(mg/100 mg dry weight) was generally higher in stem. Ca in stem(4,142.30) and fruit(2,790.86) were much higher than in seed(43.37). P in stem, seed and fruit were 448.19, 263.20 and 161.59, respectively. Stem also displayed more abundant Mg(1,110.86), Zn(35.62) and Mn(37.07). However, fruit contained higher amounts of Fe(13.38) and Se(0.15). Vitamin A was negligible in all plant parts. Vitamin E contents in fruit and stem were 1.78 mg and 1.22 mg/mg dry weight, respectively. Vitamin C was detected mostly in fruit(445.40) and stem(260.94). Use of a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide-based microtiter assay of cell viability demonstrated an anti-proliferative effect of O. humifusa extract on the MCF-7 estrogen-dependent human breast cancer cell line.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.339-343
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• 2021

This study was conducted to compare the shoot development and fruit characteristics on fruit bearing branch (FBB) according to the fruiting level (FLs: FL-Low, -Middle, -High) of peach 'Cheonhong'. The number of shoots per FBB according to the FLs were most distributed in 1-2 (42%) of FL-Low, 1 (47%) of FL-Middle and 1 (42%) of FL-High. And fruit weight and soulable solide content were 210-270g (50%) and 10-12Brix (44%), 180-240g (60%) and 10-12Brix (59%), 180-240g (60%) and 11-13Brix (48%), respectively. In addition, only FL-High showed a linear regression correlation between fruit weight and number of shoots. And a linear regression equation of y=0.0126x+8.1857 (R²=0.1964, P≤0.01) is shown between the souble solid content (y) and the fruit weight (x).

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 1975

Since the importance of casing in fruit body formation of Agaricus bisporus has been emphasized, physico-chemical characteristics of casing materials were discussed by many workers and a mixture of peat and mineral soil as proper casing material has been adopted in many of mushroom growing countries. Because of limited resources of peat in Korea, it is necessary to find practical performance and substitutional materials for casing. The effect of casing on mycelial growth and mushroom yield of A. bisporus varied with materials, its combination and practices etc. The experiments to be discussed in this paper are concerned with pH and Ca of casing material which influence A bisporus, and changes of physico-chemical characteristics with mixing ratio of casing materials and its effect on A. bisporus. The optimum range of moisture content of each material, management of watering and application of physico-chemical characteristics casing materials was also investigated and re-use of weathered spent compost for casing material was described. 1. The effect of calcium on mycelial growth of A. bisporus at various pH in Halbschalentest showed different results with calcium sources. Best results were obtained around neutrality and fresh weight of fruit bodies grown in the range of pH 7 to 8 was highest among the tested levels. 2. Available moisture, pore space, organic matter, cation exchangeable capacity and exchangeable cation was increased by an increase of mixing ratio of peat in casing materials, while an adverse effect was obtained by addition of sand. 3. Mycelial growth on clay loam was more rapid at a lower bulk density of 0.75g/cc and at 20% moisture content on a dry weight basis at the same bulk density. 4. Mixing ratio of casing materials, 60 to 80 per cent by volume of peat mixed with 20 to 40 per cent of clay loam produced the highest yield of fresh fruit bodies and sand the lowest. However, per cent of open cap was highest in peat and lowest in sand. 5. Days required for fruit body initiation was shortened in mixtures of peat and clay loam by one to three days compared with other materials and the formation of flushes was clear. 6. The effect of some physico-chemical characteristics of casing materials on the fresh weight of fruit bodies were estimated by a multiple regression equation; Y=-923.86+$8.18X_1+8.04X_2+7.90X_3+0.12X_4+2.03X_5-0.82X_6-0.54X_7$ where $X_1,X_2,X_3,X_4,X_5,X_6,X_7$ are sand, silt, clay, available moistuer, porosity, organic matter and exchangeable cation respectively. The productivity of certain casing material could be predicted from this equation. 7. Fresh weight of fruit bodies was positively correlated with porosity exchangeable cation, organic matter, available moisture, silt and clay of materials; while sand was negatively correlated. On the contrary, sand was the unique factor reducing per cent of open cap. 8. Distribution of three phases of high productive casing material was concentrated in the range of 10 to 30 per cent solids, 15 to 30 per cent liquids, and 50 to 60 per cent in air volume. 9. Fresh weight of fruit bodies from peat was not affected with heavy watering but in clay loam and sandy loam severe crop losses occurred. Fresh weight of individual fruit was increased and open caps were decreased with heavy watering but light watering resulted in adverse effects: its effect was especially great in peat. 10. Optimum range of moisture content by weight on a dry basis was different with each casing material. To maintain optimum moisture content concerned with yield of fruit bodies and open cap, sandy loam and peat mixtures required daily watering of 0.6, 0.6 to 1. 2 and 1.2 to 2.4 liters per $3.3m^2$ of bed area, respectively. 11. Maximum yield of fruit body was recorded in the range of pF 2. 0 to 2. 5 of casing materials if organic matter content was below 4.2 per cent and in pF 1. 3 to 1.8 if above 7.1%. 12. pF curve of a certain casing material could be draws from moisture content at various pF values by multiple regression equations provided texture, organic matter and calcium of the casing material are given. Optimum moisture range of the casing materials also could be estimated by the equation. 13. It was possible to improve the phyico-chemical characteristics of clay loam and sandy loam by addition of weathered spent compost although the effect was less than in the case of peat. Fresh weight of fruit bodies wsa increased by addition of weathered spent compost but its effect was not as remarkable as peat. Accordingly, further studies will be required.