• KSBB Journal
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.178-185
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• 2016

Aging of the face is mainly related to the features that are sagging or loss of elasticity of the skin by reducing the volume around the eyes or cheek. Intrinsic aging can be seen to cause thinner dermis, reduction of extracellular matrix and subcutaneous fat. This study was carried out to investigate the skin volume augmentation and anti-wrinkle effects of Tribulus terrestris fruit extract. Skin anti-aging effect of Tribulus terrestris fruit extract was evaluated by using lipid accumulation, expressin of type I procollagen and elastin in preadipocytes and human dermal fibroblasts. Tribulus terrestris fruit extract augmented preadipocytes differentiation about 56% at 100 µg/mL. The type I procollagen and elastin were increased about 35% and 25% by treatment 20% Tribulus terrestris fruit extract, respectively. The clinical study also showed that skin sagging, skin elasticity, and dermal density improved without adverse effect following 4 week application of cream containing 2% Tribulus terrestris fruit extract. We suggest that Tribulus terrestris fruit extract can have the good possibility as skin volume augmenting, skin elasticity and wrinkle improving agent.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.198-204
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: Caused by cultural environment, the fruit skin stain results in serious damages to pear fruit. Particularly susceptible to this damage, 'Niitaka' pear accounts for 82% of pear cultivation in Korea and many farmers growing the pear trees have suffered economic losses due to fruit skin stain. This study investigated the effect of different treatments of 'Niitaka' pear during growing period on the occurrence of fruit skin stain. METHODS AND RESULTS: The treatments in the field included gibberellin (GA) paste, spraying with amino acid tree fertilizer, functional bagging, and coating of the inner paper bag with agents. The relationships between tree vigor, mineral nutrition concentration and fruit skin stain occurrence were also investigated. The fruit skin stain symptoms occurred from young fruit (May 25) until harvest. There was no exposed fruit flesh. The occurrence of fruit skin stain was significantly reduced in normal tree (shoot length 110 cm), as well as using GA paste treatment, and bagging in calcium and lime sulfur coated bags. However, spraying with amino acid tree fertilizer made no difference in comparison to control. In addition, bags in which the inner paper was coated with lime sulfur and soybean oil resulted in chemical injury to the fruit skin caused by bagging. The K concentration of shoot wood and fruit skin were higher than those of the control. Also, there were lower T-N, K concentration of leaf. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that occurrence of fruit skin stain in 'Niitaka' pear fruits during the growing period can be reduced by GA paste and bagging in calcium and lime sulfur coated bags. The symptoms of chemical injury to the fruit skin caused by bagging in lime sulfur and soybean oil coated inner paper were different compared to skin stain occurring in fruit during the growing period.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.81-89
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• 2005

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of fruit skin spray of the lime fertilizer in 'Campbell Early' grapes. The T-N, P, K, Ca and Mg of fruit skin and cluster weight, berry weight, cluster length showed no difference between control and lime fertilizer. But soluble solids in fruit was reduced by fruit skin spray of liquid calcium fertilizer extracted from oyster shell after bagging(LCaB). The anthocyanin content of fruit skin was decreased by air-slaked lime(HCa) and LCaB treatment. Also, occurrence of fruit skin bloom was significantly reduced by HCa and oyster shell powder(OS-CaP) treatment. The berry firmness was significantly increased through liquid calcium fertilizer extracted from oyster shell(LCa) and HCa treatment. Conspicuously, berry elasticity was rather decreased by OS-CaP treatment. However, there was no difference of weight loss of fruit among treatments during room temperature storage.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.91-101
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• 2015

'Chuhwangbae' pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) were investigated on how types of paper bag and harvesting dates influenced on skin blackening before harvest as well as fruit quality after harvest. Experiments included four different types of paper bags (NP/YP, GP/YP, NP/BP, and NP/RP) and five different harvesting dates [160, 170, 180, 190, and 200 days after full bloom (DAFB)]. NP/YP and GP/YP indicated for newspaper- and gray paper-outer bag, respectively, with yellow paper-inner bag of the both. NP/BP and NP/RP indicated for newspaper-outer bag of the both with black paper- and red paper-inner bag, respectively. The NP/YP (newspaper/yellow paper) showed high absorbance and air and water vapor permeability in the bags, while the NP/RP (newspaper/red paper) resulted in poor physical properties in the bags. Fruit enclosed with NP/YP resulted in the absence of skin blackening, but fruit with NP/RP bags had the highest skin blackening (12.7%). Occurrence of skin blackening was concentrated on the middle and calyx end-part of fruit region. NP/RP bag treatment was likely to increase fruit weight, firmness, titratable acidity, and fruit surface color. Harvest at high relative humidity in air increased skin blackening of fruit. Later fruit harvest, such as 190 and 200 DAFB, increased skin blackening, fruit weight, and sugar content while decreasing fruit firmness and titratable acidity.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.205-209
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• 2008

This research was carried out to elucidate the causes of fruit skin browning in 'Mansu' pear for the last 2 years. It was observed that skin browning was induced even by the small mechanical injury produced during grading and packing for the market supplies after harvest on the fruits of 'Mansu' pear. The incidences of fruit skin browning in pears treated with artificial mechanical injuries were investigated between 'Niitaka' and 'Mansu' pears. The results showed that fruits of 'Mansu' are more susceptible to skin browning than those of 'Niitaka', We also found that the epidermis of fruits in 'Mansu' pear was thinner than that of 'Niitaka', and that there was lower incidence of fruit browning in epidermis of pears with high chlorophyll content than those with low chlorophyll content. The skin browning in fruits could be considerably reduced by sorting and grading them wrapped with paper bags for the fruits of 'Mansu' pear.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.468-472
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• 2014

The effect of pre-storage treatments was investigated to control the occurrence of fruit skin stain in 'Niitaka' pears. The incidence of fruit skin stains was significantly reduced when the fruits were stored in paper bags with a yellow inner color, compared to when they were stored in paper bags with blue and red inner colors. Additionally, the pear fruits that were harvested seven days earlier than their optimum maturity date developed less fruit skin stains in cold storage and retained their quality. Storage in polyethylene (PE) bags did not control the occurrence of fruit skin stains as effectively as did bag-free storage or storage in calcium-coated bags. The dipping of the pear fruits in a chlorine dioxide and calcium solution was highly effective in reducing the fruit skin stains compared to when they were not dipped or when they were dipped only in distilled water. In particular, a 1,500 times diluted solution of sodium dichloroisocyannurate (NaDCC) reduced the incidence of fruit skin stains and the size of the lesions. No stain was observed on the skin of the fruit with a water content lower than 67.7% (w/v) during its storage. In conclusion, packaging pear fruits in bags with an inner calcium coat and dipping them in a chlorine dioxide, calcium, or NaDCC solution can effectively reduce their skin stains during their storage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.273-276
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• 2001

The storage time of citrus fruit at two different storage temperatures was predicted by quality changes such as weight loss, %Brix and skin thickness. The less weight loss of citrus fruits during storage at $3^{\circ}C$ was observed, compared to those stored at $25^{\circ}C$, whereas %Brix of citrus fruits increased slightly without any difference between storage temperatures. Skin thickness of fruit, represented by pixel, also changed more rapidly at the higher storage temperature. Above parameters with a storage time followed the 0 order reaction pattern. The relationship of skin thickness and storage time of the citrus fruit were resolved to a simple linear equation, and storage time could be predicted using this equation.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.254-267
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• 2018

The phenotypic traits of 63 Asian plum varieties were investigated for three years to select those with superior qualities for breeding. Eight morphological characteristics of the flowers and fruits (e.g., stigma position, fruit skin, and flesh color) were evaluated. Phenological characteristics (e.g., blooming time and ripening time) were also monitored. Being useful traits for breeding, fruit quality factors (e.g., fruit weight, skin color, flesh color, soluble solids content, and titratable acidity) were evaluated as well. The majority of the fruits were cordate (36%) and circular (23%) in shape. Approximately 78% of the varieties showed a red skin color, whereas 67% had yellowish fruit flesh. Fruit ripening occurred from June 28th to September 5th, spanning 69 days. The average fruit weight and soluble solids content were 77.2 g and $12.2^{\circ}Brix$, respectively. Regarding correlations among the characteristics, the most significant correlation coefficients were for the ripening time and fruit size parameters. Such information of Asian plum varieties will be useful for future breeding programs.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.291-293
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• 2009

The low virus titer in woody plant tissues and the presence of inhibitor compounds such as polyphenols, tannins and polysaccharides are common difficulties that compromise purification of plant viroids from their woody hosts. A simple, reliable method of RNA isolation using CF11 cellulose column on a microcentrifuge tube scale for detecting Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd) in apple was developed. Total RNA extracted from leaf, woody bark and the fruit skin was used for reverse transcription. RT-PCR products could be detected from RNA prepared from dormant woody bark, fruit skin and fresh leaves with both the CF11 cellulose column method and NucliSens extractor in February, August and November. Meanwhile, with the RNeasy kit RT-PCR, products were detected only in leaves and not from bark or fruit skin. The PCR product, about 330 base pairs, was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The CF11 cellulose column method was effective for detecting ASSVd. The method enabled the processing of a large numbers of samples of dormant woody bark, leaf and fruit skin of apple.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of tree-spray of calcium formate compound extracted from oyster shell with several active agents on the calcium concentration, fruit skin shape and quality of 'Fuji' apple. The tree-spray of calcium formate compound extracted from oyster shell (Os-CaF, $52.4\;mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) appeared to have more effectiveness on the calcium translocation into leaves, fruit skin and flesh than control. Addition of adjuvants to Os-CaF increased calcium concentration of 'Fuji' apple when sprayed three times before harvest. Among the active agents examined, the treatment ascorbic acid and poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA) in leaves, Ag-colloidal and PVA in fruit skin, ascorbic acid, Ag-colloidal, and PVA in fruit flesh exhibited highest effectiveness. Fruit qualities (fruit weight, firmness, soluble solids, acidity and Hunter value) were not affect by Os-CaF on different concentrations and solutions of active agents.