• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.44-52
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• 2016

Plants response to phosphate starvation include the changes of activity of some enzymes, such as phosphatases, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, sucrose-phosphate synthase and nitrate reductase. In this study, to determine the effects of phosphate starvation on the change of activities of acid and alkaline phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, sucrose-phosphate synthase, and nitrate reductase were studied in melon seedlings (Cucumis melo L.). The content of the protein and chlorophyll tended to relatively reduced in melon seedlings subjected to phosphate starvation. Acid phosphatase activity in first and second leaves of melon seedlings was relatively higher than that of third and fourth leaves of seedlings in 14 days after phosphate starvation treatment, respectively. Active native-PAGE band patterns of acid phosphatase in melon leaves showed similar to activities of acid phosphatase, whereas alkaline phosphatase activity was different from the change in the activity of acid phosphatase. Inorganic phosphate content in melon seedlings leaves was constant. The changes of Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and sucrose phosphate synthase activities showed similar patterns in melon seedlings leaves, and between these enzymes activities and phosphate nutrition negatively related. Fructose-1,6- bisphosphatase and sucrose phosphate synthase activities showed significant difference in second and fourth leaves, but nitrate reductase showed significant difference in first and second leaves in 14days after phosphate starvation treatment. We concluded that phosphate nutrition could affect the distribution of phosphate, carbon and nitrogen in melon seedlings.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.345-350
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• 2007

인산당은 모든 유기체에서 발견되며 무척 다양한 유용성을 지니고 있다. 특히 glucose 1-phosphate (G1P), glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) 등은 해당과 정, 당합성과정, 5탄당 인산화과정 및 캘빈회로와 같은 탄수화물 대사와 에너지 생산 대사의 주요한 핵심 중간물질이다. 특히 해당과정에서 F6P는 G6P의 이성질화반응에 의하여 생성된다. F6P의 대량생산은 전분을 이용하는 것이 가능한데, 우선 전분에 인산화효소를 가하여 G1P를 얻고, 이 G1P를 자리옮김효소 (phosphoglucomutase, GM)와 이성질화효소 (phosphoglucoisomerase, GI)를 순차적으로 적용하여 G6P와 F6P를 생산하게 된다. 효소반응의 경우 전분의 용해도 증가, 반응속도의 향상 및 미생물의 오염방지 등을 위하여 중온성 효소보다는 고온성 효소 혹은 내열성 효소가 선호된다. 본 연구는 세 가지 내열성 효소를 이용하여 전분으로부터 두 단계반응으로 F6P를 생산하는 것에 관한 것이다. 실험에 사용된 효소는 대장균에서 발현된 재조합 효소로서, 효소의 생산은 유가식 배양을 이용하였다. 1.2% 가용성 전분 200 L를 이용하여 1,253 g의 순수한 G1P를 생산하였으며 이를 이용하여 최종적으로 30% 수율로 F6P를 생산할 수 있었다. 최대수율을 얻기 위하여 반응표면분석법을 이용하여 GM : GI = 1 : 1.23, 63.5$^{\circ}C$, pH 6.85의 조건이 도출되었으며, 이 조건하에서 실험을 통하여 20 g/L의 전분을 이용하여 30% 수율로 F6P가 생성됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.641-649
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• 2009

Pyrophosphate:fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase (PFP) catalyzes the reversible interconversion of fructose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, a key step in the regulation of the metabolic flux toward glycolysis or gluconeogenesis. To examine the role of PFP in plant growth, we have generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants that either overexpress or repress Arabidopsis PFP subunit genes. The overexpressing lines displayed increased PFP activity and slightly faster growth relative to wild type plants, although their photosynthetic activities and the levels of metabolites appeared not to have significantly changed. In contrast, the RNAi lines showed significantly retarded growth in parallel with the reduced PFP activity. Analysis of photosynthetic activity revealed that the growth retardation phenotype of the RNAi lines was accompanied by the reduced rates of $CO_2$ assimilation. Microarray analysis of our transgenic plants further revealed that the altered expression of $AtPFP{\beta}$ affects the expression of several genes involved in diverse physiological processes. Our current data thus suggest that PFP is important in carbohydrate metabolism and other cellular processes.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.121-126
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• 1990

Lidocaine의 심근 수축력 억제작용의 기전을 규명하기 위한 일환으로 정상 Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate glucose용액에서 각종 대사기질이 lidocaine 억제심방과 정상심방의 수축력에 미치는 영향, 그리고 glucose 제거용액에서 lidocaine의 심방 수축력에 대한 영향을 검토하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. Pyruvate(5mM), acetate(5mM), fructose(30mM)는 lidocaine에 의해 감소된 심방 수축력을 현저히 증가시켰으나, 정상심장에는 별 영향이 없었다. 2. Glucose(20mM)는 lidocaine억제심방의 수축력을 증가시키지 못하였으나 정상심방의 수축력을 현저히 증가시켰다. 3. Glucose 제거용액에서 lidocaine은 정상용액에서보다 심방 수축력을 현저히 더 감소시켰다. 이상의 결과로 보아 lidocaine은 적출심장에서 외인성 glucose를 제거시, 심장 glycogen의 이용을 glucose phosphate isomerase 단계 혹은 glycogen이 glucose-6-phosphates로 전환되는 단계를 억제한다는 것을 시사하고 있다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제58권3호
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• pp.227-232
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• 2015

A microarray study has been employed to understand changes of gene expression in E. coli KD43162 resistant to ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, cefazolin, cefepime, aztreonam, imipenem, meropenem, gentamicin, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, fosfomycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole except for amikacin using disk diffusion assay. Using Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF MS analyses, 36 kDa of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) was found to be deleted in the multidrug resistant E. coli KD 43162. Microarray analysis was used to determine up- and down-regulated genes in relation to multidrug resistant E. coli KD43162. Among the up-regulated genes, these genes were corresponded to express the proteins as penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), tartronate semialdehyde reductase, ethanolamine utilization protein, shikimate kinase I, allantoinase, predicted SAM-dependent methyltransferase, L-glutamine: D-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT), phospho-glucosamine mutase, predicted N-acetylmannosamine kinase, and predicted N-acetylmannosamine-6-P epimerase. Up-regulation of PBPs, one of primary target sites of antibiotics, might be responsible for the multidrug resistance in E. coli with increasing amount of target sites. Up-regulation of GFAT enzyme may be related to the up-regulation of PBPs because GFAT produces N-acetylglucosamine, a precursor of peptidoglycans. One of GFAT inhibitors, azaserine, showed a potent inhibition on the growth of E. coli KD43162. In conclusion, up-regulation of PBPs and GFATs with the loss of 36 kDa OMP refers the multidrug resistance in E. coli KD 43162.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.785-793
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• 2013

We studied the effects of 2 different dosages of high-molecular-weight poly-${\gamma}$-glutamic acid (hm ${\gamma}$-PGA) derived from Bacillus subtilis chungkookjang on lipid metabolism in a high-fructose diet-induced hypertriglyceridemic animal model. For 4 weeks, rats were fed either AIN-93 diet (normal control, NC; n = 10) or modified AIN-93 diet in which cornstarch was substituted with 63% fructose (n = 30) to induce hypertriglyceridemia. After 4 weeks, the hypertriglyceridemic rats were treated with daily oral doses of 0 mg (hypertriglyceridemic control, HC), 2.5 mg (hypertriglyceridemic, low hm ${\gamma}$-PGA, HL), or 5 $mg{\cdot}kg{\cdot}bw^{-1}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ (hypertriglyceridemic, high hm ${\gamma}$-PGA, HH) hm ${\gamma}$-PGA for 4 weeks. The HL and HH groups exhibited significantly lower levels of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and free fatty acids than the HC group. The administration of hm ${\gamma}$-PGA reduced serum ALT and AST levels. The activities of lipogenic enzymes such as hepatic malic enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase as well as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA expression were significantly decreased by hm ${\gamma}$-PGA administration (p < 0.05). These results indicate that hm ${\gamma}$-PGA has an anti-hypertriglyceridemic effect in high-fructose diet-induced hypertriglyceridemic rats.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.82-87
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• 1993

한국 전통 발효식품의 숙성에 절대 혐기성 세균이 관여하는지를 보기 위해 김치류와 장류 14종의 시료를 복합 BL 배지 혹은 bifidus 세균 선택 배지인 BS agar에 접종하여 절대 혐기적으로 배양한 결과 복합 BL 배지에서 $10^7$ ~ $10^8$/g 시료의 세균이 생장하였으며, BS agar에서는 $10^3$ ~ $10^6$/g 시료의 colony가 형성되었다. 이들은 모두 호기성 조건에서도 생장 할 수 잇었으며, BS 배지에서 생장하는 세균은 fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase를 합성하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 표준 Bifidobacterium속 세균은 3% NaCl을 함유하는 배지에서는 생장할 수 없었다. 이상의 결과로부터 김치류와 장류 등 염 농도가 높은 발표식품에는 bifidus균은 생장할 수 없다고 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.748-756
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• 2000

Effects of xanthine (X), xanthine oxidase (XO), and catalase (C), $H_2O_2$, and carbohydrates on sperm capacitation, acrosome reaction, and fertilizing ability in vitro were examined. Glucose alone, but not fructose, supported the maximum rate of sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction. However, in the combination of X, XO, and C (XXOC) or $H_2O_2$, fructose alone also supported maximum capacitation, acrosome reaction, and fertilization. Either insufficient or excessive amounts of $H_2O_2$ decreased sperm capacitation and the acrosome reaction. In order to understand how glucose generates $H_2O_2$ or other reactive oxygen species in sperm cells, 6-aminonicotinamide, an inhibitor of the pentose-phosphate pathway (PPP), and apocynin, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, were added to sperm suspensions in glucose-containing medium. Results appeared that sperm capacitation, acrosome reaction, and fertilization were consequently inhibited by either one of these compounds. These inhibitory effects were nullified by addition of XXOC. These results support the hypothesis that glucose, in addition to being a substrate for glycolysis, facilitates sperm capacitation and the acrosome reaction by generating reactive oxygen species through G-6-P dehydrogenase and NADPH oxidase.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.155-163
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• 2013

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of fructose-1,6-bis phosphate aldolase (SMALDO) DNA vaccination against Schistosoma mansoni infection using different routes of injection. The SMALDO has been cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1/V5-His TOPO-TA and was used in injecting Swiss albino mice intramuscularly (IM), subcutaneously (SC), or intraperitoneally (IP) ($50{\mu}g/mouse$). Mice vaccinated with non-recombinant pcDNA3.1 served as controls. Each group was immunized 4 times at weeks 0, 2, 4, and 6. Two weeks after the last booster dose, all mice groups were infected with 80 S. mansoni cercariae via tail immersion. At week 8 post-infection, animals were sacrificed for assessment of parasitological and histopathological parameters. High anti-SMALDO IgG antibody titers were detected in sera of all vaccinated groups (P<0.01) compared to the control group. Both the IP and SC vaccination routes resulted in a significant reduction in worm burden (46.2% and 28.9%, respectively, P<0.01). This was accompanied by a significant reduction in hepatic and intestinal egg counts (41.7% and 40.2%, respectively, P<0.01) in the IP group only. The number of dead eggs was significantly increased in both IP and IM groups (P<0.01). IP vaccination recorded the highest significant reduction in granuloma number and diameter (54.7% and 29.2%, respectively, P<0.01) and significant increase in dead miracidia (P<0.01). In conclusion, changing the injection route of SMALDO DNA vaccination significantly influenced the efficacy of vaccination. SMALDO DNA vaccination via IP route could be a promising protective and antipathology vaccine candidate against S. mansoni infection.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.374-379
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• 1996

Lactobacillus sp. KY -107을 이용하여 fructose 로 부터 mannitol을 비교적 고수율로 생산하였다. 검토된 여러가지 탄소원 중에서 sucrose와 fructose 만이 mannitol 생성의 기질로 이용되었고 100g/L fructose를 기질로 사용할 경우 mannitol 생산성이 가장 좋았으며 이때 수율은 약 70% 이었다. 초기 탄소원이 고갈될 경우, 생성된 mannitol이 다시 기 질로 이용되었고, 180-250g/L 이상의 고농도 기질 농도에서는 수율이 50% 이하 수준으로 낮았으나, 모든 실험조건에서 다른 당알콜류를 부산물로 생성하지 않았다. Mannitol 생성에 미치는 여러가지 배양인자들을 검토한 결과, 질소원으로 yeast extract 가 가장 우수하였고, 무기 인산엽은 10 g/L농도 범 위까지 농도가 높을수록 유리하였으며 금속이옹중 M Mn이 mannitol생성에서 가장 중요한 역할을 담당 하는 것으로 나타났다. 배양환경중 온도는 $35^{\circ}C$전후 에서, 초기 pH는 6-8 범위에서 mannitol 생성량이 최대였다.