• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.67-80
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• 2021

We analyzed the effect of planting site (elevation: high, middle, low) and temperature condition of orchard on the frost injury occurrence and storage characteristics of persimmon (Diospyros kaki cv. 'Fuyu) fruits under an early fall frost at two orchards, Changwon (A) and Changnyeong (B), Gyeongsangnam-do Korea. Also, the fruits picked at Nov. 5 and Nov. 20 were MA stored to investigate the quality and chilling injury of fruits. On 2-way factor analysis, both planting elevation and orchard factor had not a significant effect on fruit characteristics (weight, firmness, soluble solid), while planting elevation factor did on the skin color (hunter 'a')(p<0.05). A fruit skin coloration at orchard A was faster than that at orchard B. At low elevation of orchard B, 2% fruits were frost injured at harvest season. On LDPE film MA storage with the fruits harvested at Nov. 5 and Nov. 20, the fruits at orchard A had higher fruit firmness than those of orchard B during storage. In addition, the 73% (orchard A) and 85%(orchard B) fruits harvested at Nov. 5 showed no chilling injury 80 days after storage. However, At harvest of Nov, 20 (after incidence of frost), only the 14% fruits of orchard B had no the chilling disorder 80 days after storage, even though 76% fruits at orchard A did.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.309-316
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• 2015

In this experiment, five commercial cultivars and one wild species of loquat were used to investigate frost tolerance and enzymatic activities in leaves and young fruits under cold stress at $-3^{\circ}C$. The frost injury, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and oxygen-scavenging enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were studied. This results showed that the wild species 'Wild Oak-leaf' loquat was the most frost tolerant among accessions tested, followed by the cultivar 'Golden Block'. Other cultivars, 'Wu Gong Bai', 'Taicheng 4', 'Xiangzhong 11' and 'Zaozhong 6', were relatively weak in frost tolerance. The enzymatic activities of SOD, POD and CAT increased initially and then decreased as the exposure time increased. However, the enzymatic peak occurred later in the frost-tolerant accession than in the frost-sensitive accession. The correlation coefficients of MDA contents between leaves and immature fruits were from 0.93 to 0.99 in the five commercial loquat cultivars. For the 'Wild Oak-leaf' loquat, the correlation coefficients of MDA and POD were 0.98 and 0.95, respectively, but the coefficients for SOD, CAT and APX were relatively low. In general, there were good correlations between loquat leaves and immature fruits in MDA content and enzyme activities. These results indicate that analysis of these physiological and biochemical activities in loquat leaves could potentially be used to predict the cold tolerance in loquat at immature fruit stage and to accelerate breeding programs for cold tolerance in loquat.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.s02
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• pp.81-95
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• 1989

Environmental stresses during culture of food legumes can be classified to the three categories; the climatic stresses, pests, and public pollution. Of the researches on the climatic stresses in Korea, drought injury and lodging injury were studied more comparing with excess water injury, cooling injury, wind injury, frost injury and hail injury. Although many researches have been done on the pests, mainly on the control of pests, a few researches have been done on the basic research. Recently public pollution is considered one of major stresses during culture of crops following rapid development of industry in Korea. A few researches have been done on the air pollution and acid rain. Therefore many researches should do on the environmental stresses during culture of food legumes in the future.

• Plant Disease and Agriculture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 1999

Frost injury of crops is closely related to the epiphytic population dynamics of ice nucleation-active (INA) bacteria, and the injury can be reduced by decreasing the INA bacterial population. In order to predict the epiphytic population of INA bacteria on crops, a rapid and accurate detection method has to be developed. In the previous report, we produced some antibodies against INA proteins purified from the outer membrane of INA bacteria. However it was difficult to produce the antibodies because the purification procedures of the INA proteins were complicated, and the final yield was too low. We designed a specific peptide from the N-terminal region of INA protein by computer analysis and synthesized the peptide in vitro in this experiment. The peptide sequence was Asp-Ser-Por-Leu-Ser-Leu-His-Ala-Asp, that is corresponding to the highly conserved region in several INA proteins, with predicted beta turn, coiling, and hydrophilic region. A polyclonal anti-INA peptide antiserum produced specifically recognized INA bacteria as few as 10 colony-forming units (CFU) in the ELISA reactions and did not respond to other non-INA bacteria. Serological specificity of the anti-INA peptide antiserum will facilitate the forecasting of the INA bacterial population dynamics on crops.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.121-131
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• 2010

Betula platyphylla var. japonica and Betula ermanii segregate vertically at an elevation of approximately 1,850 m on Mt. Neko in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. B. platyphylla var. japonica and B. ermanii were the dominant species below and above this altitude, at which the mean-annual and growing-season air temperatures were $4^{\circ}C$ and $14.1^{\circ}C$, respectively. Based on a modification of Kira's warmth index which employs cumulative temperature represented as $^{\circ}C$ day, leaf unfolding in both species was observed to be initiated at $58^{\circ}C$ day and $169^{\circ}C$ day, respectively. In 1996, leaf unfolding was initiated on 18 May in B. platyphylla var. japonica (+/-6 days) and on 5 June in B. ermanii (+/-8 days), shortly after the last frost which occurred on 5 May 1995 above 1,850 m; below this elevation there was no risk of frost at the time. At elevations above 1,850 m, the unfolded leaves of B. platyphylla were damaged by late frost, while B. ermanii escaped injury because the leaves were still protected by winter buds. The optimum temperature for seed germination in both B. platyphylla and B. ermanii was $30^{\circ}C$. Temperature alternation from 10 to $30^{\circ}C$ and moist storage of seeds at $4^{\circ}C$ (stratification) prior to incubation increased germination rates in both species. The seedlings of B. ermanii had a greater survival rates than those of B. platyphylla var. japonica when planted above 1,850 m. Comparisons of the timing of leaf unfolding and the latest frost at a site appeared to be the main factors affecting the vertical distribution of these species.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.14
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• pp.97-109
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• 1973

1. The relatively lower prehardening temperature was more effective on increase of the hardiness of the intermediately hardy varieties than the higher one but either the extremely hardy or nonhardy varieties did not respond to the temperature as much as the intermediate types. 2. Five degree Centigrade was generally more favorable than $2^{\circ}C$ on hardening of the plants, especially when frozen at higher temperature for shorter duration. 3. It appears that photoperiod during prehardening and hardening did not play so important role as temperature on the hardiness. 4. The higher the soil moisture content, the higher the frost injury occurred. 5. Application of nitrogen increased markedly the hardiness and % DM of the plants. Percentage of dry matter of young seedlings might be used as an easy and rough criterion for evaluating hardiness since there was a highly significant regression of varietal frost injury on the %DM. 6. Four days appeared to be enough for hardening of plants although the plants increased gradually the hardiness as duration of hardening extended. Dehardening of the plants at relativity higher temperature took place rapidly within one to four days. 7. Under this controlled environment, freezing at about $-8^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours seemed the best for the purpose of evaluating the hardiness to low temperature. 8. It is believed that assessment of frost injury should be done at least one week after freezing. Some varieties showed strong ability to recover from the damage as recovery period was extended. 9. As a whole, Cd 80 and 83 were the most hardy and followed by Cappelle and Maris Otter. Four. winter oats varieties and Jufy I belonged to the intermediate type while the other three spring varieties were nonhardy at all. Peniarth was comparable with Maris Otter in hardiness. S 147 appeared the least hardy among the winter oats varieties. 10. It is evident that water-soluble carbohydrate content is associated with the hardiness to some extent but not primary factor involved in hardiness.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.s02
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• pp.96-114
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• 1989

There are several meterorolgical stresses in the winter cereal crops. Among these stresses, cold injury is one of the most important stresses for wheat and barley production in Korea. The reduction in grain yield of the wheat and barley due to cold injury has occurred almost every year in Korea. The objective of the study was to get the basic information in relation to the cold injury and to detect the method minimizing the damage of cold injury. When the air temperature was the ranges of -13$^{\circ}C$ to -15$^{\circ}C$, the soil temperature at the crown part of the plant was very stable, whereas in the ranges of -2$^{\circ}C$ to -3$^{\circ}C$ the soil surface temperature was more unstable and cold than air and subterranean temperatures. The different parts of the plant in wheat and barley possess the different levels of cold hardiness. In comparison to the cold hardiness of plant parts, the leaf and crown are the less sensitive to cold injury than root and vascular transitional zone. The type and extent of stress is determined by the redistribution pattern of water during freezing. These types from freezing processes were three types: a) Equilibrium freezing pattern b) Non -equilibrium freezing pattern, c) Non-equilibrium freezing pattern typical of tender tissues. Cold hardiness in wheat plants were more harder than barley plants at vegitative stage, but inverted at the reproductive stage. Injuries by low temperature during the seasons of barley cultivation in Korea were occured mainly in four stage; in the first and third stage, frost injury occurs, the second stage, freezing injury, and the fourth stage, chilling injury.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.162-169
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• 2016

The agrometeorological reference index means 'the agrometeorological damage possibility' or the possibility of the normal year climate condition to damage the crop cultivation in a certain region. It is a reference used to compare the cultivation risk of a crop by region. The global climate warming is expected to increase the winter temperature. At the same time, the frequency of extreme weather events will also increase. Therefore, people pay attention to the potential of low temperature-induced damages (e.g., frost damage and injury) to fruit trees under the future climate condition. However, simple damage projection based on climate conditions does not help the climate change adaptation in the practical aspect because the climate change affects the phenology of fruit trees as well. This study predicted the phenology of the pear, peach, and apple trees by using the climate change scenarios of major regions. Furthermore, low temperature induced agrometeorological reference indices were calculated based on the effects of temperature on each plant growth stage to predict the damage possibility. It was predicted that the breaking rest would delay more in the future while the bud-burst date and flowering date will be earlier. In Daegu, Jeonju, and Mokpo, the breaking rest delayed more as time passed. The bud-burst date and flowering date of Seoul and Incheon regions were later than other regions. Seoul and Incheon showed a similar pattern, while Daegu and Jeonju revealed a similar pattern. Busan and Mokpo also showed a similar pattern. All regions were safe from the frost damage during the dormancy period. However, plants were vulnerable to frost damage between the breaking rest and the bud-burst period. Regions showed different frost damage patterns between the bud-burst period and the flowering period. During the bud-burst and flowering period, the risk level decreased in general, although the risk of some areas tended to increase.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.163-167
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• 2014

The average temperatures for year and winter season have been risen by $0.7{\circ}C$ and $1.4{\circ}C$, respectively, during the last 30 years. Recently abnormal climate phenomena occurred frequently results in severe loss of vegetable crops grown in Korea. Specially, Chinese cabbages grown in the southern area of Korea are often significantly affected by sudden cold waves during winter season before harvest. This experiment was conducted to find out a potential role of covering materials on the protection of frost damage of 'Bularm' chinese cabbage in the winter season. The lowest temperature was $-15.8^{\circ}C$ in non-covering, $-8.1^{\circ}C$ in the PE film covering and $-4.6^{\circ}C$ in the non-woven fabric covering with PE film, respectively. The cumulative times below $4.0^{\circ}C$ were 145.5 hours for the non-covering treatment, 94 hours in the PE film covering and 14.5 hours in the non-woven fabric covering with PE film, respectively. The symptoms of frost damage were severe at non-covering chinese cabbages compared to polyethylene film (PE) non-woven fabric with PE covering ones. Microscopic studies showed the normal anatomical structure of palisade and spongy tissue of cabbage leaves covered with non-woven fabric with PE film. Leaf cells, however, were slightly damaged in cabbages covered with PE film alone, and both palisade and spongy cells were were completely collapsed in uncovered cabbages. The result of this study suggests that chinese cabbages is required to be covered with non-woven fabric with PE film to minimize the frost damage by sudden cold wave below $-7^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 1983

This study was carried out to investigate the transplanting time, optimum fertilization and harvesting method, chemical contents and physical properties of burley tobacco in paddy field. The results obtained as follows. 1. It is recommendable to transplant after March. 29 to escape the frost injury. By reducing compound fertilizer and whole plant stalk curing, advanced the. last priming date by 5-8 days. 2. Total alkaloid, total nitrogen and phosphorus contents of cured leaf was comparable to those of upland-produce(1 tobacco, but potassium and chloride contents some what high. 3. Filling power and combustibility was also comparable to upland, and filling power was increased by reducing fertilizer and whole plant stalk curing. 4. In the 20o reducing fertilizer-5 Primings volt. the yield was some what decreased, but visual quality and value per 10a were high. 5. The total raw income of tobacco and rice cropping was increased 124~170% than that of rice cropping.