• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국철도학회 1998년도 창립기념 춘계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.377-384
• /
• 1998

The crushable front part of the conventional TGV is composed of 3 energy absorption zones; retractable coupler, protective headstock and honeycomb structure. This frontal part must absorb about 80% of the energy that should be done in a cra shworthy design. The conventional TGV can absorb 2MJ impact energy by the frontal end, but 5MJ is the design target for energy absorption in the next generation TGV. To accomplish this design goal, a new concept of design is necessary for energy absorbing components. In this paper, the design concept of the tube expansion energy absorber will be proposed and analyzed. The crash analysis of the energy absorber are performed by comparing the value of the theoretical equation wi th the simulation calculated from the commercial nonlinear FE-Code ‘PAM-CRASH’ S/W.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
• /
• 제6권5호
• /
• pp.491-499
• /
• 2005

There are different types of vehicle impacts recorded every year, resulting in many injuries and fatalities. The severity of these impacts depends on the aggressivety and incompatibility of vehicle-to-roadside hardware impacts. The aim of this paper is to investigate and to enhance crashworthiness in the case of full barrier impact using a new idea of crash improvement. Two different types of smart structures have been proposed to support the function of the existing vehicle. The work carried out in this paper includes developing and analyzing mathematical models of vehicle-to-barrier impact for the two types of smart structures. It is proven from analytical analysis that the mathematical models can be used in an effective way to give a quick insight of real life crashes. Moreover, it is shown that these models are valid and flexible, and can be useful in optimization studies.

• 한국지역지리학회지
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.1-24
• /
• 1999

본 연구는 영남지방의 지리적 성격이 상이한 창녕군, 봉화군, 남해군의 촌락명을 분석하였다. 지명의 명명은 인간의 환경지각의 결과이고, 또 지명에는 그 당시의 문화가 각인되어 있다고 본다. 그래서 지명이 포함하고 있는 주요 지리적 개념, 지명의 어구조, 개념구성의 결합관계 등을 구명하여 지역차를 고찰한 것이다. 첫째 지리학의 개념별로 보면 산지지역인 봉화군은 자연에서, 평야지역인 창녕군과 도서지역인 남해군은 인문에서 인식한 촌락명이 상대적으로 많아 지역차를 보인다. 둘째 지명 어구조의 전 후어에서 전어는 주로 작명으로 사용된 고유명인데, 촌락의 문화경관, 위치, 변천을 설명하고 있다. 후어는 지명을 분류하는 유형 명으로 촌락의 자연환경, 촌락 공동체 표현을 위하여 사용되었다. 셋째 개념 구성은 봉화군은 자연 그대로, 창녕군은 자연과 인간의 상호작용 과정, 남해군은 상호작용의 결과가 인식, 명명되어 역시 상이한 지역성을 보이고 있다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• 제38권1호
• /
• pp.96-101
• /
• 2011

Purpose: In treatment of facial bone fracture, occurred in children, we generally use wires, miniplate, absorbable plate or their combination. These foreign bodies can be palpable, and sometimes may cause infections, and need reoperation for removing. When bone fragments are multiple, small or thin, they are hard to handle and make accurate reduction of all fragments. In these cases, a biodegradable tissue adhesive, Histoacryl$^{(R)}$ (n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate), can be used as fixation technique for small, multiple, and thin fracture fragments. Methods: 3 years old and 6 years old children, who has comminuted fracture on frontal sinus, we used Histoacryl$^{(R)}$ for fixation of multiple bone fragments. After approaching by coronal incision, we pulled out all bone fragments and reconstructed bone fragments by Histoacryl$^{(R)}$ and fixed those on frontal sinus by absorbable plates. Results: Photographs and 3-dimensional CT obtained preoperatively and postoperatively. And we compared them each other in terms of accuracy of reconstructed bony contour. We could reconstruct almost all bone fragments easily along 3-dimensional structure and get excellent aesthetic results. There was no complication such as infection. Conclusion: In treatment of comminuted facial bone fracture, occurred in children, Histoacryl$^{(R)}$ is an excellent method for accurate reconstruction in small and thin bone fragments which cannot be fixed by wire, miniplate or absorbable plate without complication.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.33-38
• /
• 2017

A 10-day-old, Holstein calf with facial mass of 10 cm in diameter at the forehead region referred to Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital in Chungnam National University. The mass was soft and fluctuating swelling. It had normal skin and hair hanging forward from frontal region and was thought to contain cerebrospinal fluid. On the skull radiography, cauliflower like-irregular marginated, soft tissue opacity mass was identified craniodorsal to the frontal bone. The mass appeared as a cyst filled with anechoic fluid on ultrasonography. Soft tissue structures considered brain tissues were observed in the deep area of the mass. On the computed tomography, a large skull defect of left side frontal bone was found, and heterogeneous materials were exposed through the defect but exposure of cerebral meninges and brain tissue were not confirmative. On magnetic resonance imaging, herniated left brain parenchyma showed heterogenous T2 and T1 hyperinsensity. In the intracranium, T2 hyperinstense and T1 hypointense fluid was identified on the left side, instead of left cerebral parenchyma. Also leftward shift of right hemisphere and midline structure, including thalamus and midbrain, were observed. The definitive diagnosis was confirmed as a meningoencephalocele based on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The calf was euthanized and necropsy was performed. On necropsy, both hemisphere were developed unequally with different size. One side hemisphere was grown in the outside through 10 cm hole on the median plane.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
• /
• 제21권6호
• /
• pp.8-15
• /
• 2013

Wide range frequency pulses occur in a car crash test. Until now, low frequency under 400Hz has been used to determine an airbag deployment criteria. Also, FIS (Front Impact Sensor) has been used to detect the crash pulse in early stage. Nowadays, technology to determine an airbag delpoyment criteria by using a high frequency crash pulse without FIS is being focused on. In this paper, the signal transmissibility of high frequency pulse for two different cars was studied. Also, signal transfer test of high frequency pulse was done by using a high speed ball impact. Signal runtime of the frontal impact is compared with that of the side impact. The signal transmissibility difference due to the car structure difference was discussed and structure change for improving the signal transmissibility was proposed.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
• /
• 제5권6호
• /
• pp.148-154
• /
• 1997

The safety problems of buses have been arisen due to the increasing of road traffic. Occupant injuries are always possible in the rollover accident and the frontal impact. Thus the structure of bus should have sufficient strength to protect passengers under accidental loads. ECE(Economic Commission for Europe) regulation No.66 prescribes that the superstructure of the vehicle shall be sufficient strength for passengers' surviving and the residual space shall be preserved in the passenger compartment during and after the standard rollover accident situation. Rollover test and simulation on a large-sized bus was completed according to the regulation. The coordinates of the points on the bus were measured by photogrammetry system. The rollover situation was revived by structural crashes simulation software, PAM-CRASH, and it was checked that the structure still complied with the requirements of residual space during rollover situation. The residual space was preserved during rollover, so it was proved that the structure of the investigated bus had much probability of survival in rollover accidents.

• 수면정신생리
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.1-14
• /
• 1997

This paper reviewed models to explain memory and neuropsychological tests to assess memory. Memory was explained in cognitive and neuroanatomical perspectives, Cognitive model describes memory as structure and process. In structure model, memory is divided into three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory(working memory), and long-term memory. In process model, there are broadly three categories of memory process: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Memory process work in memory structure. There are two prominent models of the neuroanatomy of memory, derived from the work of Mishkin and Appenzeller and that of Squire and Zola-Morgan. These two models are the most useful for the clinician in part because they take into account the connections between the limbic and frontal cortical regions. The major difference between the two models concerns the role of the amygdala in memory processess. Mishkin and his colleagues believe that the amygdala plays a significant role while Squire and his colleagues do not. The most popular and widely used tests of memory ability such as WMS-R, AVLT, CVLT, HVLT. RBMT, CFT, and BVRT-R, were reviewed.

• 대한용접접합학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한용접접합학회 2004년도 춘계 학술발표대회 개요집
• /
• pp.273-275
• /
• 2004

A parallel multi-frontal solver is developed for finite element analysis of an arc-welding process, which entails phase evolution, heat transfer, and deformations of structure. We verify the code via comparison to a commercial code,SYSWELD. Attention is focused on the implementation of the parallel solver using MPI library, on the speedup by parallel computation, and on the effectiveness of the solver in welding application

• 한국정밀공학회지
• /
• 제30권11호
• /
• pp.1179-1185
• /
• 2013

In this study, the design optimization of the automotive side member is performed to maximize the crash energy absorption efficiency per unit weight. Design parameters which seriously influence on the frontal crash performance are selected through the sensitivity analysis using the Plackett-Burman design method. And also the design variables, which are determined from the sensitivity analysis, are optimized by two methods. One is conventional approximate optimization method which uses the statistical design of experiments (DOE) and response surface method (RSM). The other is a methodology derived from previous work by the authors, which is called sequential design of experiments (SDOE), to reduce a trial and error procedure and to find an appropriate condition for using micro-genetic algorithm. The proposed optimization technique shows that the automotive side member structure can be designed considering the frontal crash performance.