• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2017

Purpose During Brain SPECT study, critical factor for proper study with $^{99m}Tc-ECD$ or $^{99m}Tc-HMPAO$ is one of the important causes to patent's movement. It causes both improper diagnosis and examination failure. In this study, we evaluated the effect of Dynamic Continuous Mode Acquisition compared to Step and Shoot Mode to raise efficacy and reject the data set with movement, as well as, be reconstructed in certain criteria. Materials and Methods Deluxe Jaszczak phantom and Hoffman 3D Brain phantom were used to find proper standard data set and exact time. Step and Shoot Mode and Dynamic Continuous Mode Acquisition were performed with SymbiaT16. Firstly, Deluxe Jaszczak phantom was filled with $Na^{99m}TcO_4$ 370 MBq and obtained in 60 minutes to check spatial resolution compared with Step and Shoot Mode and Dynamic Continuous Mode. The second, the Hoffman 3D Phantom filled with $Na^{99m}TcO_4$ 74 MBq was acquired for 15 Frame/minutes to evaluate visual assessment and quantification. Finally, in the Deluxe Jaszczak phantom, Spheres and Rods were measured by MI Apps program as well as, checking counts with the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, cerebellum and hypothalamus parts was performed in the Hoffman 3D Brain Phantom. Results In Brain SPECT Study, using Dynamic Continuous Mode rather than current Step and Shoot Mode, we can do the reading using the 20 to 50 % of the acquired image, and during the test if the patient moves, we can remove unneeded image to reduce the rate of restudy and reinjection. Conclusion Dynamic Continuous Mode in Brain study condition enhances effects compared to Step and Shoot Mode. And also is powerful method to reduce reacquisition rate caused by patient movement. The findings further indicate that it suggest rejection limit to maintain clinical value with certain reconstruction factors compared with Tomo data set. Further examination to improve spatial resolution, SPECT/CT should be the answer for that.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.183-198
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• 2000

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate alterations of regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular reserve (CVR), and correlation between these alternations and cognitive dysfunction in patients with chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI) and normal brain MRI findings. Materials and Methods: Thirty TBI patients and 19 healthy volunteers underwent rest/acetazolamide brain SPECT using Tc-99m HMPAO. Korean-Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale test was also performed in the patient group. Statistical analysis was performed with statistical parametric mapping software (SPM'97) Results: CBF was diminished in the left hemisphere including Wernicke's area in all patients with lower verbal scale scores. In addition, a reduction in CBF in the right frontal, temporal and parietal cortices was related with depressed scores in information, digital span, arithmetic and similarities. In patients with lower performance scale scores, CBF was mainly diminished in the right hemisphere including superior temporal and supramarginal gyri, premotor, primary somatomotor and a part of prefrontal cortices, left frontal lobe and supramarginal gyrus. CVR was diminished in sixty-four Brodmann's areas compared to control. A reduction in CVR was demonstrated bilaterally in the frontal and temporal lobes in patients with lower scores in both verbal and performance tests, and in addition, both inferior parietal and occipital lobes in information subset. Conclusion: Alterations of CBF and CVR were demonstrated in the symptomatic TBI patients with normal MRI finding. These alterations were correlated with the change of intelligence, of which the complex functions are subserved by multiple interconnected cortical structures.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.293-300
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• 1994

It is well known that Tc-99m HMPAO brain SPECT can reflect the functional lesions better than X-ray computerized tomography(CT) and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) in the cerebral disorders. In order to evaluate the clinical utilities of Tc-99m HMPAO brain SPECT in patients with post-traumatic chronic organic mental disorder(OMD), we included 28 patients diagnosed as OMD in department of psychiatry after traumatic head injury. And we compared the results of Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT with those of MRI, EEG and MINI mental status ex amination(MMSE). The results were as follows 1) All patients diagnosed as OMD showed diffuse or focal decreased cerebral perfusion on Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT. 2) Most frequent lesion on brain Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT was decreased perfusion on both frontal lobe. And most frequent lesion on brain Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT showing normal brain MRI result was also decreased both frontal perfusion. 3) Eight of 28 patients showed focal brain MRI lesions(4 small frontal hygroma, 3 small cerebral infarction and 1 cerebellar encephalomalacia) which were not detected in brain Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT. 4) The patients showing less than 20 points on MMSE disclosed abnormal results of EEG more frequently than those disclosing more than 20 points. In conclusion, we think that Tc-99m HMPAO brain SPECT is sensitive method to detect functional lesions of the brains in patients with chronic post-traumatic organic mental disorder.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.78-83
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• 1999

Purpose : To evaluate the language areas activated by fMRI during different reading tasks and to assess the difference of activated areas according to each reading task. Materials and Methods : Functional maps of the language area were obtained during three reading tasks(Korean consonant letter, pseudoword, and word) in nine right-handed volunteers(7 males 2 females). MR examinations were performed at 1.5T scanner with EPI BOLD technique(gradient echo shot EPI, TR/TE 3000/60, flip angle $90^{\circ}$, matrix $64{\times}64$, 5mm thickness, no slice gap). Each task consisted of three resting periods and two activation periods and each period lasted 30 seconds. We used SPM program for the postprocessing of images and signification level was set at p<0.01. Activated areas were topographically analyzed in each stimulus. Results : Significant activated signals were demonstrated in all volunteers. Activated signals were seen in the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes during reading tasks and they were lateralized to the left hemisphere except occipital lobe. Letter and pseudoword produced stronger activated signals than word, and the activated signals were more lateralized to the left hemisphere in pseudoword reading than in letter reading. Conclusion : Activated signals were induced in the language areas by reading task of letter or wordform. Greater activation of language areas was induced when letter or pseudowords were presented than familiar words.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.32-41
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• 2005

Objective:Impaired processing of working memory is one of the cognitive deficits seen in patients with schizophrenia. This aimed at corroborating the differences in the brain activities involved in the process of working memory between patients with schizophrenia and the control subjects. Method:Fourteen patients with schizophrenia and 12 healthy volunteers were recruited in this study. Functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) was used to assess cortical activities during the performance of a 2-back visual working memory paradigm using the Korean alphabet as mnemonic content. Results:Group analysis revealed that left lateral prefrontal cortex and right parietal lobule showed decreased cortical activities in the patient group. On the other hand, an increased activation in left superior and middle frontal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, right cuneus, both occipital lobes, right fusiform gyrus and right cingulate gyrus. The activation in left anterior lobe and both declive of cerebellum was also increased. Conclusions:This study showed a decreased activation in left lateral prefrontal and right parietal neural networks from the patient group and confirmed the earlier findings on the impaired working memory of patients with schizophrenia using fMRI investigation. The regions implicated in our study suggest an abnormal functioning of the fronto-parietal cortical areas that are critical to the information processing stream, which might be correspondent to common pathophysiology rather than a common etiology in schizophrenia.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.216-221
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• 1996

The quantitative EEGs of obsessive-compulsive disorder patients were analyzed using spectral analysis and compared to age and sex-matched controls. The subjects were 19 patients(men=15, women=4) suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder(DSM-III-R). Absolute power, relative power and interhemispheric asymmetry of EEG were used to compare obsessive-compulsive disorder patients with controls. In order to fit the EEG data to a normal distribution, a log transformation of power values of every bandwidth in each deviation was calculated prior statistical analysis. The Wilcoxon rank test was performed to compare obsessive-compulsive group to the control group. In obsessive-compulsive disorder, abnormalities of quantitative EEGs are prominent in fronto-central. These results ore compatible with other brain imaging studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder and suggested that fronto-central area plays an important role in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.806-819
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• 2005

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate clinical characteristics and remedial value oriental medical therapy for sufferers of severe headache. Methods : On the authority of DongEuiBoCam, patients were classified into three groups: migraine, qi-syncope headache and phlegm-headache. All patients wert treated with acupuncture therapy and herb medicines. After that inquiry was made into the extent of improvement of headache. Results : 1. In accordance with the statistics, 56 cases(50.5%) had phlegm-syncope headache, 28 cases(25.2%) had qi-syncope headache and 27 cases(24.3%) had migraine. 2. The ratio between males and females was about 1:4. Most patients were in their forties. 3. 12 cases(31.6%) with migraine had pain only on the right side of the head, 20 cases(26.3%) with phlegm-syncope and 17 cases(45.6%) with qi-syncope headache suffered from the frontal lobe headache. 4. 8 cases(29.6%) with migraine had been suffering for a week or less, 12 cases(21.4%) with phlegm-syncope headache had been suffering for over six months and under one year and 6 cases(21.4%) with qi-syncupe headache had suffered over one year and under five. 5. Overwork and stress was deemed the main cause of migraine. Phlegm-syncope headache was also attributed to stress and tense situations. Qi-syncope headache was believed to be variously caused by traffic accident, noise, blood pressure and other reasons. 6. 46 cases(30%) felt dull headache and 32 cases(20.9%) felt dizzy. The common associated symptoms of migraine and qi-syncope headache included back, neck and shoulder pain and other pains. Dizziness was an especially prevalent symptom of phlegm-syncope headache. 7. After the oriental medical therapy, 12 cases(10.8%) almost entirely recovered, 50 cases(45%) were in about half as much pain, 45 cases(40.5%) improved little and 4 cases(3.6%) felt no improvement. Conclusions : The results support a role for oriental medical therapy in treatment of headache.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.17-26
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• 2002

Driver's psychophysiological load is one of the key measures for evaluating the safety of the highway. The purpose of this study is to propose and to test the methodology of evaluating the length limit of tangent section using driver's psychophysiological load. Driver's psychophysiological data is represented by the data acquire by frontal and occipital lobe. In order to compare the differences between tangent segments and the orders, real road driving experiments were performed. We collected psychophysiological data during the operation of vehicles. The experimental data were analyzed using FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) and relative power spectrum tools. These routine produces the beta value which is a major factor in consideration of driver's condition. The results in this study are summarized as follows: (1) A new methodology of evaluating the length limit in tangent section of highway using driver's psychophysiological load was proposed. (2) It was observed that driver's work load at tangent section was three times lower than that at the other section types. The beta value at tangent section is 2.219, while that at general section is 0.821. (3) It was observed that the driver's work load was significantly dropped to 0.428 after the continuous driving of 4.2km tangent section. (4) Based on the experimental subjects(from 27 Years to 31). we suggest that 30 times of design speed(3.0 km) could be acceptable as the length limit of tangent section in highway rather than the Previous limit which is 20 times of design speed(2.0km).

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.1001-1007
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• 2000

Objective : We analysed diverse clinical features of the cavernous angioma. Also, we report the experience in differ-ent methods of the management and their results. Method : Data from 80 patients who were confirmed pathologically or diagnosed radiologically between Jan. 1990 and Sept. 1998 at our hospital were analysed. Variable factors that were examined were : clinical features, effects of treatment, and complications. Results : There were 47 male and 33 female patients. The age at the first presentation was from 3 to 57(mean 34.1) years old. Clinical features were seizure in 28 cases(38%), bleeding in 24 cases(32%), neurologic deficits in 12 cases(16%), headache in 10 cases(14%), and six incidental cases. The locations of lesion were cerebral and cerebellar hemisphere in 45 cases(56.2%), brainstem, basal ganglia, and thalamus in 32 cases(40%), multiple in 3 cases (3.8%). Seizure was common at the third decade and occurred frequently with the cavernous angioma in temporal (43%) or frontal lobe(39%). Bleeding was frequent after the third decade with peak at the fourth decade and had high incidence in brainstem or thalamus. The gamma-knife radiosurgery was done in 47 cases. Rebleeding occurred in 3 cases, but it was within postradiosurgery 1 year. Symptomatic radiation change occurred in 2 cases of 8 radiation change on MRI. On follow-up MRI, no evidence of rebleeding was found in 30 cases. Also, The lesion size was decreased in 3 cases. Resection was performed in 23 cases ; total 20, subtotal 2, partial 1. Postoperative complication occurred in 6 cases(26.1%). After surgery, 7(63.6%) of 11 seizure patients had outcome of seizure-free. Subclinical rebleeding occurred in one of two subtotal resected cases. In 11 patients, conservative management was done. There was neither rebleeding nor symptom aggravation during follow-up period of mean 17.2 months. Conclusion : The solution for prevention of rebleeding is complete removal of the lesion located at noneloquent area or accessible region, especially for the patients who presented symptoms or intractable seizure. However, the Gamma knife radiosurgery is considered when the lesions are located at eloquent area or when severe postoperative morbidity is expected.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.337-345
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• 2014

The present study examined the effects of soybean-derived phosphatidylserine (SB-PS) on the learning and memory function and the neural activity in rats with trimethyltin (TMT)-induced memory deficits. The cognitive improving efficacy of SB-PS on the amnesic rats, which was induced by TMT, was investigated by assessing the Morris water maze test and by performing cholineacetyl transferase (ChAT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) immunohistochemistry. A positron emission tomography (PET) scanning the rat brain was by performed administer 18F-Fluorodeoxy-glucose (18F-FDG). The rats with TMT injection showed impaired learning and memory of the tasks and treatment with SB-PS produced a significant improvement of the escape latency to find the platform in the Morris water maze at the 2nd day compared to that of the MCT group. In the retention test, the SB-PS group showed increased time spent around the platform compared to that of the MCT group. Consistent with the behavioral data, SB-PS 50 group significantly alleviated the loss of acetyl cholinergic neurons in the hippocampus compared to that of the MCT group. Treatment with SB-PS significantly increased the CREB positive neurons in the hippocampus as compared to that of the MCT group. In addition, SB-PS groups increased the glucose uptake in the hippocampus and SB-PS 50 group increased the glucose uptake in the frontal lobe, as compared to that of the MCT group. These results suggest that SB-PS may be useful for improving the cognitive function via regulation of cholinergic marker enzyme activity and neural activity.