• 한국식품저장유통학회지
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.121-129
• /
• 1996

Plum highlighted as a health food is needed to diversify the processed products because labor storage is big problem since the fruit was producted massively in June. The Plum was extracted by the pressing type extractor after washing, drying and removing the seed by seed separator. The crude extract was concentrated with stainless steel vessel at different temperature and stirring speed. This study was obtained as follows. The sugar content of fresh plum concentrated extract was 55.3~58.3$^{\circ}$Brix, and of the freezing plum concentrated extract was 75.5~70.3$^{\circ}$Brix. In color difference, the freezing plum concentrated extract was more deep black than fresh plum. In change patten of pH, it was decreased as concentration was proceed. The final pH was 2.3~2.2 in fresh plum, and 1.8~2.2 in freezing plum. The total acid content of fresh plum concentrated extract and the freezing plum was 45.4~47.8, 60.3~60.9%, respectively. The content of evaporation at 85$\pm$5$^{\circ}C$ was constant irrespective of stirring speed. The yield of extraction of fresh plum was higher than freezing plum. According to this results, the use of stainless vessel, 50rpm, which gave a highly qualified plum concentrated extract.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제22권5호
• /
• pp.680-686
• /
• 1998

In the adoption of a desalination system the most important factor is the cost of fresh water pro-duction. In general LNG is stored in a tank as a liquid state below $-162^{\circ}C$ When it is serviced however the LNG absorbs energy from a heat source and it is transformed to a high pressure gaseous state. During this process a huge amount of cold energy accumulated in cooling LNG is wasted. This wasted cold energycan be utilized to produce fresh water by using a sea water freez-ing desalination system. in order to develop a sea water freezing desalination system and to estab-lish its design technique qualitative and quantitative data regarding the freezing behavior of sea water is required in advance. The goals of this study are to reveal the freezing mechanisms of sea water in a cooled circular tube to measure the freezing rate and to investigate the freezing heat-transfer characteristics. The experimental results provide a general understanding of sea water freezing behavior in a cooled circular tube.

• 한국염색가공학회지
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.10-20
• /
• 2009

The objective of this study is to investigate the efficacy of leaf powder colorants as substitutes for traditional fresh juice extract dyeing. Three kinds of leaf powder colorants were prepared by freeze drying method with or without deep freezing as pre-treatment: one powder colorant from fresh leaf juice with deep freezing; two kinds of powder colorant from fresh leaves with and without deep freezing. Their dyeing properties and storage stabilities were studied and compared with the traditional fresh juice extract dyeing. The presence of indigo in the powder colorants was confirmed by UV/Visible absorption spectra. They showed absorption peak at 602nm which was same with indigo absorption peak. Dyeing was done at low temperature around 6$^{\circ}C$. All three powder colorants produced B colors on silk fabrics, showing similar color to the one dyed traditionally with fresh juice extract. The powder colorants from leaves gave higher color strength than the powder from leaf juice. The powder colorant prepared from leaves with deep freezing was the most stable for long term storage as its color and color strength were not changed after 360 days. So, this was used for further dyeing to study the effects of concentration and repeat dyeing on color strength and colorfastness. Fastnesses to dry cleaning and rubbing were fairly good above 4 rating. Further study is needed to improve light fastness. It was concluded that the leaf powder colorant with deep freezing could be used as a substitute for traditional juice extract dyeing at all seasons.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.529-537
• /
• 1998

Currently as due to the rapid development of industry and increase in population we meet serious problems concerning the shortage and pollution of water. In the country many experts predict a shortage of water approaching 450 million tons by the year 2006. To cope with this serious problem it is necessary to construct desalination plants. In the adoption of a desalination system the most important factor is the cost of fresh water production,. In general LNG is stored in a tank as a liquid state below $-162^{\circ}C$. When it is serviced, however the LNG absorbs energy from a heat source and transforms to a high pressure gaseous state. During this process a huge amount of cold energy accumulated in cooling LNG is wasted. This wasted cold energy can be utilized to produce fresh water by using a sea water freezing desalination system. In order to develop a sea water freezing desalination system and to establish its design technique qualitative and quantitative data regarding the freezing behavior of sea water is required in advance, The goals of this study are to reveal the freezing behavior of sea water is required in advance. The goals of this study are to reveal the freezing mechanisms of sea water to measure the freezing rate and to investigate the freezing heat-transfer characteristics,. The experimental results will provide a general understanding of sea water freezing behavior in a rectangular vessel cooled from above.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제21권5호
• /
• pp.564-570
• /
• 1997

The most important factor for the desalination system is the fresh water production cost dependent upon the possible energy source which should be obtained easily and with low price. Recently in Korea the demand of LNG, as a cheap and clean energy which does not cause an environmental problem, has sharply been increased. In general, LNG is storaged in a tank as a liquid state below -162 'C. When it is serviced, however, the LNG absorbs energy from a heating source and transforms to the gaseous state with high pressure. During this process a huge amount of cold energy accumulated in LNG is wasted. This waste cold energy can be utilized for producing fresh water from sea water using a sea water freezing desalination system. In order to develop a sea water freezing desalination system and to establish its design technique, a qualitative and quantitative data regarding the freezing behavior of sea water is needed in advance. The goal of this study, therefore, are to reveal the freezing mechanism of sea water, to measure the freezing rate, and to investigate the freezing heat-transfer characteristics. The experimental results help to provide a general understanding of the sea water freezing behavior in a Rectangular vessel cooled from below.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.175-179
• /
• 1990

Investigations of skin stripping freezing and thawing conditions of common-European squid (Loigo vulgaris) were carried out. The most effective method of skin stripping was to immerse the sample at 5$0^{\circ}C$ for 10-15 minutes in fresh water or salt solution(5-10% w/v) Contact freezing and fresh water thawing method was found to be effective. The muscle structure of the sample thawed after contact freezing was almost the sample after contact freezing was almost the same as that of raw sample.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.507-512
• /
• 2010

매실(Prunus mume)의 착즙과 건조 특성에 동결 전처리가 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여, 매실을 동결처리($-20^{\circ}C$)하거나 처리하지 않고 착즙수율과 주스의 품질특성 및 건조속도와 분말의 품질특성을 각각 측정하였다. 매실의 착즙수율과 건조속도는 동결처리구가 무처리구보다 유의적으로 높은 수준을 나타내었다. 압착주스와 건조분말의 L과 b값 및 a값은 동결처리구가 무처리구보다 유의적으로 낮고 높은 수준을 각각 보였다. 압착주스와 건조분말의 유리당과 유기산 함량은 동결 전처리에 따른 유의적인 차이를 나타나지 않았다. 주스의 가용성 고형분 함량, 적정산도 및 pH는 동결 전처리의 영향을 받지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 이로써 동결 전처리는 매실의 착즙과 건조 효율을 증대시킬 수 있는 유효한 방법이지만 착즙액과 건조분말의 갈변도가 높은 문제점이 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국콘크리트학회 2005년도 봄학술 발표회 논문집(II)
• /
• pp.225-228
• /
• 2005

This paper was accomplished for analyzing the reason of the above deterioration happened on the deck of concrete bridge. The bridge was constructed at 660m above the sea level having more freezing and snowing days. Therefore, it is placed on the particular condition sprinkling $CaCl_2$ enough for keeping up with moderate traffic condition. When it is considered to the former condition, the bridge can be assumed to potentialities for combined deterioration with freezing-thawing under sprinkling deicing chemical. Core specimens were gathered from the concrete deck for clearing the reason of the above deterioration exactly, and it is used for various tests for measuring the compressive strength, elastic modulus, content of $Cl^-$, freezing-thawing at the fresh and salt water. As a result of freezing-thawing test, the specimen at the fresh water has over 90$\%$ of durability factor, but another specimen at 1$\%$ of salt water has 0$\%$ of durability factor at 140 cycles of the freezing-thawing. The result means that frost damage is sccelerated at the salt water. Therefore, the deterioration of the concrete deck is estimated to be occured by combined effects of freezing-thawing and chloride ion attack.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.135-138
• /
• 2004

In order to find potential anticancer agents, we extracted pheophytin from silkworm feces according to various dry and storage methods such as sun dry, shade dry, fresh freezing dry and freezing dry after freezing storage (for 1∼3 years). The pheophytin extracts, mainly 10-hydroxypheophytin a, little b, of various storage silkworm feces were analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array and fluorescence detection. The content of those pheophytih in old silkworm for 3 years (freezing storage and freezing dried in use, or freezing dried and cold storage) was better than others. The cytotoxicity of the pheophytin extracts and ethanol extracts of various storage silkworm feces were measured using Jurkat cells originated from human leukemia, using dye uptake assay (MTT) in order to find effective photodynamic therapeutic agents. The anticancer activity of those pheophytin extracts in various storage methods showed little difference among them. But ethanol extracts of fresh freezing dried silkworm in the current year was good cytotoxic activity than those of any other silkworm feces. With regards to these results, fresh ethanol extracts of silkworm feces were better than old ones. On the other hands, the pheophytin extracts of old silkworm feces contained the highest percentage of pheophytin content and showed good cytotoxicity against cancer cells by changing the pheophytin into pheophobide in the degradative process.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• 제38권4호
• /
• pp.203-209
• /
• 2011

Objective: This study was performed to compare the efficiency of slow freezing and vitrification based on survival, development to blastocysts, and cell numbers of blastocysts. Changes in embryonic gene expression in fresh and frozen-thawed embryos were also examined. Methods: Eight-cell stage embryos were collected from superovulated female BDF1 mice. The collected embryos were randomly divided into three groups. One group was maintained as fresh controls (n=42), one was frozen by slow freezing (n=43), and one was cooled by vitrification (n=43). After thawing or cooling, survival rates, development to blastocyst, and cell numbers and inner cell mass (ICM) cell numbers of blastocysts were compared with those of the control group. The expressions of eight genes ($Rbm3$, $Birc5$, $Sod1$, $Sod2$, $Cirbp$, $Caspase3$, $Trp53$, $Hsp70.1$) were examined by real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the fresh and frozen-thawed embryos. Results: There were no significant differences in the slow freezing and vitrification groups' survival rate after thawing (88.4% vs. 88.4%), development to blastocyst (100% vs. 97.4%), cell numbers ($107.0{\pm}21.0$ vs. $115.0{\pm}19.7$), or ICM cell numbers of blastocysts ($11.3{\pm}5.2$ vs. $11.1{\pm}3.7$). Cell numbers of blastocysts were significantly ($p$ <0.05) lower in the frozen-thawed embryos than the fresh embryos. There were no significant differences in the slow freezing and the vitrification groups' expressions of the eight genes. The expressions of $CirbP$ and $Hsp70.1$ were higher in the frozen-thawed embryos than in the fresh embryos but there were no significant differences. Conclusion: These results suggest that there were no significant differences between embryos that underwent slow freezing and vitrification.