• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.47-56
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• 2014

겨울철의 낮은 기온으로 인하여 지반 내부의 간극수는 동결과 융해를 반복한다. 지반에 이러한 동결-융해작용이 반복되면 흙의 입자구조 변형이 발생하며 이는 지중 기반시설에 손상을 가져올 수 있다. 본 연구는 흙의 동결-융해 과정에서의 탄성파 속도변화를 통하여 흙의 강성 변화 양상을 알아보기 위하여 수행되었다. 40 %, 60 %, 80 %의 3가지 모래-실트의 무게비를 가진 모래-실트 혼합토를 포화도 40 %, 상대밀도 70 %로 동일하게 조성하였다. 각 시료를 동결-융해를 위해 제작된 사각형 형태의 셀에 다짐법으로 조성하였다. 탄성파를 측정하기 위하여 한 쌍의 벤더 엘리먼트와 피에조 디스크 엘리먼트를 시료 양편에 설치하였으며, 시료의 온도 변화 양상을 관찰하기 위하여 탄성파 트랜스듀서와 같은 깊이의 중앙부에 열전대를 설치였다. 조성한 시료에 대하여 시료를 $20^{\circ}C$에서 $-10^{\circ}C$까지 동결시킨 후 $-20^{\circ}C$를 18시간 동안 유지하였으며, 다시 실험실 상온($20^{\circ}C$)까지 온도를 서서히 올려 융해시켰다. 이 과정에서 온도, 전단파, 그리고 압축파를 측정하였다. 연구결과, 융해 이후의 탄성파 속도는 같은 온도의 동결 이전보다 감소하였다. 이때 전단파의 속도가 압축파의 속도보다 더 큰 비율로 감소하는 모습을 보였다. 실트의 함량이 40 %에서 80 %까지 증가함에 따라 탄성파의 속도는 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 본 연구를 통해 동결-융해가 불포화토의 입자구조를 느슨하게 만들며, 그 영향은 압축파에 비해 전단파 속도의 변화에서 잘 나타남을 알 수 있었다.

• 지질공학
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.165-178
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• 2015

Physical and chemical weathering degrades rock, affecting its structural properties and thus the stability of stone buildings or other structures. Confocal laser scan microscopy (CLSM) is used here to observe temporal changes in the surface roughness of rock samples under simulated accelerated weathering. Samples were pressurized to 50, 55, or 70 MPa using a pressure frame, and subjected to freeze/thaw cycling controlled by a thermostat. The temperature was cycled from -20℃ to 40℃ and back. After each 20 cycles, CLSM was used to assess the change in surface roughness, and roughness factors were calculated to quantify the progression of the surface condition over time. Variations in cross-section line-roughness parameters and surface-roughness parameters were analyzed for specific parts of the sample surfaces at 5× and 50× magnification. The result reveals that the highest and lowest values of the roughness factors are changed according to elapsed time. Freezing/thawing at high pressure caused larger changes in the roughness factor than at low pressure.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 1998년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집(I)
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• pp.117-122
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• 1998

Concrete structures has been deteriorated by the freezing and thawing due to temperature gap. This study was conducted to evaluate durabilite of concrete which are increasingly demanded recently. Therefore the research of durability must be executed for application of waste foundry sand concrete real structures. Concrete durability must be executed for application of waste foundry sand concrete real structures. Concrete durability properties incorporating waste foundry sand was performed with the variable of W/C ratio, Sand/Waste foundry sand ratio and Air entrainment-Non air entrainment. Cylinder specimens were made and subjected to freezing and thawing cycle at $-18^{\cire}C$ and $4^{\cire}C$. Dynamic modulus of elasticity were evaluated as F/T cycle increase. The results show that strength of concrete is increased the W/C ratio decrease, the Sand/Waste foundry sand ratio increase when the concrete contains AE agent and decreasing WC ratio and AE concrete makes improved resistance of freezing and thawing improved. Especially, resistance of freezing and thawing is improved by Fine aggregate/Waste foundry sand ratio which is 50%, 25%, 0% in a row. Therefore it is turn out the waste foundry sand could be applied to concrete from the experiment.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 1988

Most of meat spoilage bacteria area Gram negative, which are very sensitive to freezing ; for instance , 90% of E. coli cells are killed or sub-lethally injured by freezing at -3$0^{\circ}C$, and the freeze-injury rate is dependent upon freezing rate. Since the injured bacterial cells are sensitive to selective agents, they fail to multiply in selective media. Injured bacterial cells are, however, capable of spontaneous repair at appropriate environmental and nutritional conditions . Enumeration of injured bacterial cells involves artificial induction of repair at these conditions. Cubic beef samples(3$\times$3$\times$3cm) were frozen at -6$0^{\circ}C$, -4$0^{\circ}C$, or -18$^{\circ}C$. The samples frozen at each temperature were thawed at 4$^{\circ}C$, 2$0^{\circ}C$, or by microwave . After these respective freezing an thawing treatments, the percentage of sub-lethally injured total coliforms out of total surviving ones was measured and compared. The results were as follows: 1. The interaction between freezing and thawing on injury rate was not significant. 2. The injury rates(as means of all three thawing treatments post-freezing) by freezing at -6$0^{\circ}C$, -4$0^{\circ}C$, or -18$^{\circ}C$ were 32.2$^{\circ}C$ and 19.2$^{\circ}C$ respectively . 3. The injury rates(as means of all three freezing treatments)by thawing at 4$^{\circ}C$, 2$0^{\circ}C$, or by microwave were 49.3%, 11.7% and 21.0% respectively. The highest injury rate was caused by freezing at -6$0^{\circ}C$ and subsequent thawing at 4$^{\circ}C$. However since the injury rates by freezing treatment were not significantly different, freezing at -18$^{\circ}C$ and subsequent thawing at 4$^{\circ}C$ can also be recommended , from an economic perspective.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.36-43
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• 2018

The physical and chemical analyses of mineral waste such as moisture content, water absorption, freezing-thawing resisting sexual, chemical composition and crystal structure were investigated. In the technological process of crushing, screening, molding, drying, preheating, sintering and cooling, many parameters were changed to eliminate the influence of freeze thaw stability and the ball billets were processed into slate ceramsites eventually. Adopting orthogonal experiment and range analysis, the optimal technology parameters were confirmed as preheating temperature of $300^{\circ}C$ for 25 minutes and sintering temperature of $1230^{\circ}C$ for 20 minutes. Slate wastes in Shangri-la could foam and expand without any additive. The ultra-light ceramsite could be directly used as building aggregate, since the analysis results of its leaching toxicity were eligible. Besides, effects of sintering temperature on physical property and crystal phase were also explored in this study.

• 지질공학
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.161-169
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• 2014

We present the results of an experimental physical weathering study that focuses on fresh and slightly weathered gneiss samples from the Wonju area of Korea. The study investigated changes in the physico-mechanical properties of these samples during accelerated laboratory-based weathering, including analyses of microfracture formation. The deteriorated samples used in the study were subjected to 100-150 freeze-thaw cycles, with index properties and microfracture geometries measured between each cycle. Each complete freeze-thaw cycle lasted 24 hours, and consisted of 2 hours of saturation in a vacuum chamber, 8 hours of freezing at $-21^{\circ}C{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, and 14 hours of thawing at room temperature. Specific gravity and seismic velocity values were negatively correlated with the number of freeze-thaw cycles, whereas absorption values tended to increase. The amount of deterioration of the rock samples was dependent on the degree of weathering of the rock prior to the start of the analysis. Absorption, specific gravity, and seismic velocity values can be used to infer the amount of physical weathering experienced by a gneiss in the study area. The sizes and density of microfracture in the rock specimens varied with the number of freeze-thaw cycles. We found that box fractal dimensions can be used to quantify the formation and propagation of microfracture in the samples. In addition, these box fractal dimensions can be used as a weathering index for the mid-and long-term prediction of rock weathering. The present results indicate that accelerated-weathering analysis can provide a detailed overview of the weathering characteristics of deteriorated rocks.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.57-71
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• 1983

1. Diluted chicken semen can be preserved at 2 to 5$^{\circ}C$ for 24 to 48 hr with resultant fertility of greater than 90% of that of fresh semen. Turkey semen can be preserved at 10 to 15$^{\circ}C$ for 6 to 24 hr and provide economical fertility. 2. Frozen chicken semen has given variable results; a 21 to 93% fertility ranges as compared to 92 to 94% expected with fresh semen. Highest fertility levels obtained with frozen turkey semen intravaginally inseminated have been 61 and 63% using DMSO and glycerol, respectively, as cryoprotectants. 3. The use of glycerol as a cryoprotectant reauires that its concentration in semen be reduced to less than 2% either by dialysis or centrifugation after thawing and before intravaginal insemination if optimal fertility is to be obtained. 4. The temperature at which cryoprotectants are added to semen and the time allowed for equilibration are important for subsequent fertility pre- and post-freezing. 5. The type of container used for packaging the semen, freeze or cooling rates, thaw rates and level of cryoprotectant all interact in affecting cell survival. 6. Plastic freeze straws as a packaging device for semen offers the following advantages: easy to handle, require minimal storage space, offer a wide range of freeze and thaw rates, and insemination can be made directly from them upon thawing. 7. Controlled slow cooling rates of 1 to 8$^{\circ}C$/min have thus far provided the best results for cooling chicken semen throught the transition phase change (liquid to solid) or critical temperature range of ＋5 to -20 or -35$^{\circ}C$. 8. Highest fertilities have been achieved with frozen chicken semen where a slow thaw rate (2。 to 5$^{\circ}C$) has been used regardless of the freeze rate. 9. To maintain a constant high level of fertility throughout a breeding season with frozen semen, a higher absolute number of spermatozoa must be inseminated (2 to 3 times as many) as compared to fresh semen since a, pp.oximately 50% are destroyed during processing and freezing. 10. The quality of semen may vary with season and age of the male. Such changes in sperm quality could be accentuated by storage effects. Thus, the correct number of spermatozoa may very well vary during the course of a breeding period. 11. As to time of insemination, it is best to avoid inseminating chicken hens within 1-2 hr after or 3-5 hr before oviposition; and turkey hens during or 7-10 hr before oviposition. 12. The physiological receptiveness of the oviduct at the time of insemination is a very important biological factor influencing fertility levels throughout the breeding season.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1999

Starch was isolated from nine Korean sweet potato varieties(Shinmi, Seangmi, Yulmi, Shinyulmi, Sunmi, Jeungmi, Mokpo 26, Mokpo 29, and Mokpo 30) and analysed in its physicochemical properties in comparison with a commercial sweet potato starch(Kumokanyu) imported from China. Protein content in the isolated starch was highest(1.1%) in Mokpo 29 and lowest(0.3%) in Kumokanyu, whereas lipid content was equally less than 0.2%. Pasting analysis by Rapid Viscoanalyser(RVA) showed that Yulmi starch had the lowest pasting temperature(70.2oC) whereas Kumokanyu did the highest one (74.3oC). Under a differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), however, Kumokanyu showed the lowest onset temperature(61.8oC) and enthalpy(42.0 J/g) for crystal melting. Shinyulmi showed the highest peak viscosity of the starch paste, but shear thinning was significant like commercial potato starch. Kumokanyu, however, displayed the least peak visicosity but good shear stability. With the starch gels prepared at 4oC, Mokpo 29 showed the highest hardness, whereas Shinyulmi did the lowest one. Against repeated freeze thawing treatments, the starch gel of Kumokanyu was most stable, and among the Korean varieties, Yulmi, Shinyulmi, Jeungmi and Mokpo 26 had good stability. According to the chain distribution analysis, Shinyulmi and Mokpo 29 consisted of larger quanitites of shorter amylopectin chains than Kumokanyu, potato and corn starches.

• 공업화학
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 1990

급속동결 전처리가 유기이온교환 수지의 분쇄에 미치는 효과를 연구하였다. 습윤상태의 이온교환 수지를 고체탄산 또는 액체질소를 이용하여 급속동결하면 이온교환 수지의 내부구조가 물리적으로 파괴되며 일단 파괴된 수지는 다시 실온이 되어도 원래의 상태로 회복되지 않음을 발견하였다. 따라서 급속동결한 수지는 실온에서도 분쇄가 매우 용이하며 이 효과는 양이온교환 수지가 음이온교환 수지에 비하여 더 크게 나타났다. 아울러 음이온교환 수지의 경우, 급속동결 전처리 효과 뿐만 아니라 이온종류 역시 분쇄에 큰 영향을 미침을 관찰할 수 있었다.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.123-130
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• 2016

OBJECTIVES : The objective of this research is to determine the moisture resistance of the freeze-thaw process occurring in low-noise porous pavement using either hydrated-lime or anti-freezing agent. Various additives were applied to low-noise porous asphalt, which is actively paved in South Korea, to overcome its disadvantages. Moreover, the optimum contents of hydrated-lime and anti-freezing agent and behavior properties of low-noise porous asphalt layer are determined using dynamic moduli via the freeze-thaw test. METHODS : The low-noise porous asphalt mixtures were made using gyratory compacters to investigate its properties with either hydrated-lime or anti-freezing agent. To determine the dynamic moduli of each mixture, impact resonance test was conducted. The applied standard for the freeze-thaw test of asphalt mixture is ASTM D 6857. The freeze-thaw and impact resonance tests were performed twice at each stage. The behavior properties were defined using finite element method, which was performed using the dynamic modulus data obtained from the freeze-thaw test and resonance frequencies obtained from non-destructive impact test. RESULTS : The results show that the coherence and strength of the low-noise porous asphalt mixture decreased continuously with the increase in the temperature of the mixture. The dynamic modulus of the normal low-noise porous asphalt mixture dramatically decreased after one cycle of freezing and thawing stages, which is more than that of other mixtures containing additives. The damage rate was higher when the freeze-thaw test was repeated. CONCLUSIONS : From the root mean squared error (RMSE) and mean percentage error (MPE) analyses, the addition rates of 1.5% hydrated-lime and 0.5% anti-freezing agent resulted in the strongest mixture having the highest moisture resistance compared to other specimens with each additive in 1 cycle freeze-thaw test. Moreover, the freeze-thaw resistance significantly improved when a hydrated-lime content of 0.5% was applied for the two cycles of the freeze-thaw test. Hence, the optimum contents of both hydrated-lime and anti-freezing agent are 0.5%.