• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.116-123
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• 2014

The description of vegetation cover and floral composition was undertaken in terms of phytosociological study in Dodamsambong(scenic site no. 44) and Danyangseokmoon(no. 45). In this study a total of 17 $relev{\acute{e}}s$ containing 144 taxa were collected and analyzed. Eight plant communities are differentiated, grouped into 4 physiognomic types: forest type(Buxus microphylla var. koreana-Thuja orientalis community, Tilia mandshurica-Quercus variabilis community, and Cynanchum wilfordii-Pinus densiflora community), mantle type(Cardamine leucantha-Neillia uekii community), secondary meadow type(Galium kinuta-Spodiopogon sibiricus community, Diarthron linifolium-Zoysia japonica community), and crevice type(Patrinia rupestris-Selaginella stauntoniana community, Hypodematium glandulosopilosum community). The vegetation of Dodamsambong and Danyangseokmoon is characterized by local flora, such as calciphilous plants, geological distribution-limit species, and endemic species. The soil depth, slope, and human impact have been identified as the most important differentiating ecological factors. Buxus microphylla var. koreana-Thuja orientalis community, Tilia mandshurica-Quercus variabilis community, and Patrinia rupestris-Selaginella stauntoniana community were evaluated highly by National Vegetation Naturalness. In order to restore the value of specific landscape for scenic site, we should improve the problems of protected area such as wrong management on habitat, forest fragmentation by facilities and decline in vegetation by lack of growing the next succession.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.26-33
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• 2016

The cost of preparing munitions in weapon system operation and management has been rapidly increasing and current weapon systems have become complicated and diverse due to new warfare pattern changes and the rapid growth of advanced scientific technology. Moreover, as a part of the execution plans of creative economics, the Korean government is actively reviewing how to minimize the costs of preparing munitions. Accordingly, this study derived the issues of munitions management for decreasing munitions preparing costs. First, the issues of munitions management were introduced through review and analysis with respect to the munitions classification criteria, regulations and systems, and equipment maintenance information systems. Second, we proposed the application and necessity for the real-name system which is responsible for munitions management and the fragmentation of the maintenance instructions status classification criteria.. Also, we were analyzed that the effects depending on the application. Finally, we proposed that the linkage system which is currently military active with equipment maintenance information systems as well as the total life-cycle management system (TLCSM) improvements to the itemized data and records management system by utilizing IT technology CMB that must be done in order to improve the issues.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.253-259
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• 2012

The genetic variation in populations of Eranthis byunsanensis, an endemic and rare species of Korea, was studied using starch gel electrophoresis. All five known populations were sampled for allozyme electrophoresis of nine enzymes coded by 10 loci. The overall genetic variation of E. byunsanensis population was shown to be considerably high within the populations (A = 2.4, P = 90.0, $H_E$ = 0.311). A positive $F_{IS}$ value of E. byunsanensis indicated an overall deficiency of heterozygotes, and a low $F_{ST}$ value (0.131) showed little differentiation among populations. The high genetic variation, less genetic differentiation among populations, and a significant amount of heterozygote deficiency propose the hypothesis that they have an experience of recent isolation and fragmentation of their habitat. Thus, the rate of gene flow has been drastically reduced, and the rate of inbreeding in E. byunsanensis populations has increased. Current habitats in Mai-san and Naro-do are vulnerable due to their small population size and the levels of anthropogenic activity in the region constantly threatening survival of this species. Because of the high genetic variation and low levels of differentiation among populations in E. byunsanensis, it is not issue which populations have a priority for protection, but we may concern the plan to maintain population continuously and diminish the rate of inbreeding.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.109-117
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• 2017

Poly(N-vinyl carbazole) (PVK) homopolymer, poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVP) homopolymer, and PVK-b-PVP block copolymer were synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and the polymers were used to prepare non-aqueous graphene dispersions with four different solvents, ethanol, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), dichloromethane (DCM), and tetrahydrofuran (THF). $^1H-$ and $^{13}C-NMR$ spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were carried out to confirm the chemical structure of the polymers. Stability of graphene dispersions was measured by on-line turbidity measurement. Time-dependent Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI) values were interpreted in terms of surface tension (${\sigma}$) and solubility parameter (${\delta}$) among solvents, polymers, and graphene. It was confirmed that the solubilities of polymer and surface tension between solvent and graphene affected the dispersion stability of graphene. PVK-b-PVP block copolymer could effectively maintain the low TSI values of graphene dispersions in ethanol and THF, which have been known as poor solvents for graphene dispersions. It can also be noted that DCM shows good dispersion stability comparable to NMP, which has been known as the best solvent for graphene dispersion.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.14-27
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the effects of Acanthopanacis Cortex Radicis extract(ACRE) on the apoptosis in HeLa cell and MCF-7 cell. Methods: After treatment with various concentration of ACRE, cell growth was evaluated in HeLa cell and MCF-7 cell. Hoechst 33342 staining was performed to estimate DNA fragment effect of ACRE on the apoptosis in HeLa cell and MCF-7 cell. Annexin V/PI apoptosis assay was used to estimate the effects of ACRE on the early apoptosis in HeLa cell and MCF-7 cell. RT-PCR was used to estimate the apoptosis gene expression effect of ACRE on Hela cell MCF-7 cell. Results: Under $0.1mg/m\ell$ of ACRE, cytotoxic effect was not found per NIH3T3 cell. The viability of HeLa cell and MCF-7 cells was significantly decreased ACRE ($100{\mu}g/m\ell$) in HeLa cell and MCF-7 cell, ACRE ($50{\mu}g/m\ell$) in HeLa cell 3 days after treatment, in MCF-7 cell 1&3 days after treatment (p<0.01). DNA fragmentation was observed 3 days after treatment of cl of ACRE on HeLa cell and MCF-7 cell. In Annexin V/PI apoptosis assay, after treatment of $100{\mu}g/m\ell$ of ACRE, the early apoptotic cell increased both in HeLa cell and MCF-7 cell. In RT-PCR analysis, after treatment of $100{\mu}g/m\ell$ of ACRE, bcl-2 were decreased and bax, caspase-3 were increased both in HeLa cell and MCF-7 cell. Conclusions: ACRE appears to have considerable activity on the apoptosis in HeLa cell and MCF-7 cell.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.103-103
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• 2018

Oenothera biennis, commonly known as evening primrose, a potential source of natural bioactive substances: flavonoids, steroids, tannins, fatty acids and terpenoids responsible for a diverse range of pharmacological functions. However, whether extract prepared from aerial part of O. biennis (APOB) protects skin against oxidative stress remains unknown. To investigate the protective effects of APOB against oxidative stress-induced cellular damage and elucidated the underlying mechanisms in the HaCaT human skin keratinocytes. Our results revealed that treatment with APOB prior to hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) exposure significantly increased viability, and the highest DPPH radical-scavenging activities and reducing power of HaCaT cells. APOB also effectively attenuated H2O2-induced comet tail formation and inhibited the $H_2O_2$-induced phosphorylation levels of the histone ${\gamma}H2AX$, as well as the number of apoptotic bodies and Annexin V-positive cells. In addition, APOB exhibited scavenging activity against intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and restored the mitochondrial membrane potential loss by $H_2O_2$. Moreover, $H_2O_2$ enhanced the cleavage of caspase-3 and degradation of poly (ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP), a typical substrate protein of activated caspase-3, as well as DNA fragmentation; however, these events were almost totally reversed by pretreatment with APOB. Furthermore, APOB increased the levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which is a potent antioxidant enzyme, associated with the induction of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). According to our data, APOB is able to protect HaCaT cells from $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage and cell death through blocking cellular damage related to oxidative stress through a mechanism that would affect ROS elimination and activating the Nri2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.98-111
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• 2003

Objective : This study was designed to analyze the effects of bee venom and melittin on cell death in neuroblastoma cell line. Methods : MTT assay, morphologic method, DNA fragmentation, flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry analysis, RT-PCR and Western blot were performed. Results : The obtained results are summarized as follows: 1. The MTT assay demonstrated that neuroblastoma cell viability was significantly inhibitted dose-dependently by treatment with bee venom and melittin in comparison with control. 2. Cell culture demonstrated that control group proliferated highestly at he 5th day in comparison with the 4th day in bee venom and melittin group. And in bee venom and melitti group cell proliferation decreased 2.5 times than control group. 3. The morphologic study demonstrated that neuroblastoma cell showed apoptosis after treatment with bee venom and melittin for 6 hours using microscope. 4. The Flow cytometry demonstrated that apoptosis of neuroblastoma cell treated with bee venom and melittin was related with stop of cell cycle in stage of $G_0/G_1$. 5 .DNA fragmenation demonstrated that neuroblastoma cell treated with bee venom and melittin showed DNA ladder below 1 Kbp. 6. Immunocytochemistry assay demonstrated that Fos and MAPK which are related with cancer were down-regulated by treatment with bee venom and melittin. 7. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that Fos and MAPK mRNA were transcripted. Fos was down-regulated form treatment with $5{\mu}g/ml$ bee venom and MAPK was down-regulated form $1{\mu}g/ml$ bee venom. 8. Western blot demonstrated that Fos was down-regulated from $1{\mu}g/ml$ bee venom whereas MAPK was expressed by $1{\mu}g/ml$ bee venom but down-regulated by $10{\mu}g/ml$ bee venom. Conclusions : We found that some cancer related genes ware down-regulated by treatment with bee venom and melittin. Further study is needed for investigating the anti-cancer effect of bee venom and melittin.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2001

Purpose : This study was undertaken to observe the occurrence of the vessel aneurysms according to several different methods of microvascular anastomosis. Mterials & methods : Forty Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing $180{\sim}200$ grams, were used for this experiment. The rats were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 (10 rats): The adventitia was trimmed off 5mm from the cut edge each and 20 arterial anastomoses were performed using 8 to 10 interrupted 9-0 polypropylene ($Prolene^{TM}$, Ethicon, U.K.) suture. Group 2 (10 rats): The adventitia was trimmed off as in group 1. Twenty arterial anastomoses were performed using continuous 9-0 polypropylene($Prolene^{TM}$, Ethicon, U.K.) suture. Group 3 (10 rats): The adventitia was stripped only 1mm from the cut edge each but not removed,. Twenty arterial anastomoses were performed using 8 to 10 interrupted 9-0 polypropylene($Prolene^{TM}$, Ethicon, U.K.) suture. Group 4 (10 rats): The adventitia was handled as in group 3. Twenty arterial anastomoses were performed using 9-0 polypropylene($Prolene^{TM}$, Ethicon, U.K.) suture. The arteries of the animals in all groups were explored at 28th days. We examined patency, presence of an aneurysm, other vascular abnormalities and microscopically observed the aneurysms with H&E and Van-Gieson stains. Result : 1. Patency rate was 80% in group 1, 95% in group 2, 85% in group 3 and 90% in group 4, respectively. 2. Aneurysm occurred 20% in group 1, 5% in group 2, 5% in group 3 and 5% in group 4, respectively. 3. There was no other vascular abnormalities in each group. 4. Infection rate was 5% in group 1, 0% in group 2, 20% in group 3 and 15% in group 4, respectively. 5. In the histopathological findings, we observed partially necrotic changes, loss and fragmentation of outer elastic lamella of smooth muscle in media and the proliferation of hyperplastic subintima. A lot of inflammatory cells were infiltrated in hyperplastic intima. Conclusions : On the basis of these observation, we could state that there were little differences in the occurrence of aneurysms according to different anastomotic suture methods.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.37-46
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• 2006

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Dangguibohyultang (DB) and its combination (DB-I; Astragali membraneus BUNGE : Angelica gigas NAKAI=5:1, DB-II; Astragali membraneus BUNGE:Angelica gigas NAKAI=1:1, DB-III; Astragali membraneus BUNGE:Angelica gigas NAKAI=1:5,) on apoptosis in human colorectal adenocarcinoma HCT116 cells. Methods : To study the cytotoxic effect of methanol extract of DB-I, DB-II and DB-III on HCT116 cells, the cell viability was determined by XTT reduction method and ttypan blue exclusion assay. To confirm the induction of apoptosis, the cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), a substrate for caspase-3 and a typical sign of apoptosis, and the activation of procaspase-3, -8 and -9 were examined by western blot analysis. Furthermore, DB-induced apoptosis was confirmed by DNA fragmentation. The release of cytochrome C from mitochondria to cytosol, the level of Bcl-2 and Bax, and the expressions of Raf/MEK/ERK were examined by western blot analysis. Results : DB-I and DB-II reduced proliferation of HCT116 cells in a dose-dependent manner. DB-I and DB-II decreased procaspase-3, -8, -9 levels in a dose-dependent manner and induced the clevage of PARP. DB-I and DB-II also triggered the mitochondrial apoptotic signaling by increasing the release of cytochrome C from mitochondria to cytosol, decreasing of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, and increasing of pro-apoptotic Bax. DB-I and DB-II decreased the activation of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK cascade in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion : These results suggest that DB-I and DB-II induce apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway in HCT116 cells. Furthermore, Raf/MEK/ERK cascade is involved in DB-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that DB is potentially useful as a chemotherapeutic agent in human liver cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.3035-3042
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• 2015

Background: Isorhamnetin (Iso), a novel and essential monomer derived from total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides that has long been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction, has also shown a spectrum of antitumor activity. However, little is known about the mechanisms of action Iso on cancer cells. Objectives: To investigate the effects of Iso on A549 lung cancer cells and underlying mechanisms. Materials and Methods: A549 cells were treated with $10{\sim}320{\mu}g/ml$ Iso. Their morphological and cellular characteristics were assessed by light and electronic microscopy. Growth inhibition was analyzed by MTT, clonogenic and growth curve assays. Apoptotic characteristics of cells were determined by flow cytometry (FCM), DNA fragmentation, single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay, immunocytochemistry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labeling (TUNEL). Tumor models were setup by transplanting Lewis lung carcinoma cells into C57BL/6 mice, and the weights and sizes of tumors were measured. Results: Iso markedly inhibited the growth of A549 cells with induction of apoptotic changes. Iso at $20{\mu}g/ml$, could induce A549 cell apoptosis, up-regulate the expression of apoptosis genes Bax, Caspase-3 and P53, and down-regulate the expression of Bcl-2, cyclinD1 and PCNA protein. The tumors in tumor-bearing mice treated with Iso were significantly smaller than in the control group. The results of apoptosis-related genes, PCNA, cyclinD1 and other protein expression levels of transplanted Lewis cells were the same as those of A549 cells in vitro. Conclusions: Iso, a natural single compound isolated from total flavones, has antiproliferative activity against lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. Its mechanisms of action may involve apoptosis of cells induced by down-regulation of oncogenes and up-regulation of apoptotic genes.