• Clean Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 2006

Fractionation and hydrodealkylation (HDA) units, subparts of BTX plant, were thermodynamically analyzed using the notion of exergy. Exergy values were calculated as the sum of physical and chemical exergies due to the existence of chemical reactions. The analysis was based on the simulation results with the aid of real operating data. Driving and material exergy losses were separately defined and quantified. Locations and the reason of major exergy losses were identified and improvement strategies were suggested. It was noted that the exergy analysis could provide a sound base for adopting the concept of industrial ecology and developing loss prevention schemes.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.682-689
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• 2015

A two-step process was investigated for pretreatment and fractionation of rice straw. The two-step fractionation process involves first, soaking rice straw in aqueous ammonia (SAA) in a batch reactor to recover lignin-rich hydrolysate. This is followed by a second-step treatment in a fixed-bed flow-through column reactor to recover xylo-oligomer-rich hydrolysate. The remaining glucan-rich solid cake is then subjected to an enzymatic process. In the first variant, SAA treatment in the first step dissolves lignin at moderate temperature (60 and $80^{\circ}C$), while in the second step, hot-water treatment is used for xylan removal at higher temperatures ($150{\sim}210^{\circ}C$). Under optimal conditions ($190^{\circ}C$ reaction temperature, 30 min reaction time, 5.0 ml/min flow rate, and 2.3 MPa reaction pressure), the SAA-hot-water fractionation removed 79.2% of the lignin and 63.4% of the xylan. In the second variant, SAA was followed by treatment with dilute sulfuric acid. With this process, optimal treatment conditions for effective fractionation of xylo-oligomer were found to be $80^{\circ}C$, 12 h reaction time, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:12 in the first step; and 5.0 ml $H_2SO_4/min$, $170^{\circ}C$, and 2.3 MPa in the second step. After this two-step fractionation process, 85.4% lignin removal and 78.9% xylan removal (26.8% xylan recovery) were achieved. Use of the optimized second variant of the two-step fractionation process (SAA and $H_2SO_4$) resulted in enhanced enzymatic digestibility of the treated solid (99% glucan digestibility) with 15 FPU (filter paper unit) of CTec2 (cellulase)/g-glucan of enzyme loading, which was higher than 92% in the two-step fractionation process (SAA and hot-water).

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.4291-4296
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• 2011

Gravitational SPLITT fractionation (GSF) provides separation of colloidal particles into two subpopulations in a preparative scale. Conventionally, GSF is carried out in a thin rectangular channel having two inlets and two outlets at the top and bottom of the channel, respectively. And the channel is equipped with two flow-splitters, one between the top and bottom inlets and another between the top and bottom outlets. A large scale splitter-less GSF system had been developed, which was designed to operate in the full feed depletion (FFD) mode. In the FFD mode, there is only one inlet through which the sample is fed, thus preventing the sample dilution. In this study, the effect of the sample-loading (in the unit of g/hr) on the fractionation efficiency (FE, number% of particles in a GSF fraction that have the sizes expected by theory) of the new large scale splitter-less FFD-GSF system was investigated. The system was tested in the sample-loading range of 3.0-12.0 g/hr with polyurethane latex beads (PU) and sea-sediment. It was found that there is an optimum range in the sample-loading for a FFD-GSF separation. It was also found that there is a general tendency of FE decreasing as the concentration of the sample suspension increases.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.215-225
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• 1999

To study the vertical variations of major elements, trace elements and rare earth elements(REEs) contents in deep-sea sediments, six cores from Korea Deep-sea Environmental Study area(KODES) were analyzed. Topmost sediment layers of KODES area are divided into two Units; brown-colored and peneliquid Unit I and pale brown-colored and relatively solidified Unit II. Contents of major elements, REEs, Cu, Sr and Rb in each Unit are almost same, while contents of Mn, Ni and Co in Unit I are two or three times higher than those in Unit II. R-mode factor analysis represents that surface sediments are composed of alumino-silicate phase (AI-Ti-K-Mg-Fe-Rb-Ce), apatite phase (Ca-P-Cu-Sr-Trivalent Rare Earth Elements) and Mn-oxide phase(Mn-Ni-Co). Factor scores in silicate and apatite phases in each Unit are nearly same, whereas those in Mn-oxide phase in Unit I is higher than those in Unit II. While NilCu ratio in Unit I is two times higher than that in Unit II. We interprete the geochemical fractionation of Ni and Cu as a result that Ni can be remobilized in oxygen-depleted micro-environment in Units I and II and then easily reprecipitated in Unit I, while most of Cu supplied together with organic material is decomposed mostly in Unit I and sorbed into apatite.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.121-130
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• 1995

This paper deals with modeling and simulation of an industrial benzene-toluene-xylene plant. Because the fractionation unit of benzene-toluene-xylene plant has a narrow range of boiling point and doesn't have any sidecut and side reboiler, we employed boiling point estimation method in the modeling and simulation of the plant. Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation was used in the computation of thermodynamical properties. We solved resulting nonlinear equations by using Newton-Raphson method which is known to show fast convergence. Results of simulation showed good agreement with actual plant operation data.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.453-459
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• 2015

Split-flow thin cell fractionation (SPLITT fractionation, SF) is a particle separation technique that allows continuous (and thus a preparative scale) separation into two subpopulations based on the particle size or the density. In SF, there are two basic performance parameters. One is the throughput (TP), which was defined as the amount of sample that can be processed in a unit time period. Another is the fractionation efficiency (FE), which was defined as the number % of particles that have the size predicted by theory. Full-feed depletion mode (FFD-SF) have only one inlet for the sample feed, and the channel is equipped with a flow stream splitter only at the outlet in SF mode. In conventional FFD-mode, it was difficult to extend channel due to splitter in channel. So, we use large scale splitter-less FFD-SF to increase TP from increase channel scale. In this study, a FFD-SF channel was developed for a large-scale fractionation, which has no flow stream splitters (‘splitter less’), and then was tested for optimum TP and FE by varying the sample concentration and the flow rates at the inlet and outlet of the channel. Polyurethane (PU) latex beads having two different size distribution (about 3~7 µm, and about 2~30 µm) were used for the test. The sample concentration was varied from 0.2 to 0.8% (wt/vol). The channel flow rate was varied from 70, 100, 120 and 160 mL/min. The fractionated particles were monitored by optical microscopy (OM). The sample recovery was determined by collecting the particles on a 0.1 µm membrane filter. Accumulation of relatively large micron sized particles in channel could be prevented by feeding carrier liquid. It was found that, in order to achieve effective TP, the concentration of sample should be at higher than 0.4%.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1994

There are growing needs to produce relatively high purity(99.0% or higher) oxygen at low cost. For small scale production, both pressure swing adsorption(PSA) and membrane process are competitive and less expensive or more convenient than well known cryogenic fractionation technology. A continuous membrane column(CMC) combined with a PSA oxygen generator can be employed to produce high purity oxygen continuously. The oxygen enriched gas generated by a PSA unit, with a concentration of 93~94%, is fed to the CMC that consism of three modules of poly(imide) hollow fibers. Several experiments were conducted by varying parameters, such as feed flow rate, transmembrane pressure drop, stage cut, and feed location in order to obtain a high oxygen concentration above 99.0%. A two-series unit mode was also employed with CMC operation to optimize the given membrane area.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 1994.03a
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• pp.1-21
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• 1994

There are growing needs to produce relatively high purity (99.0% or higher) oxygen at low cost. For small scale production, both pressure swing adsorption (PSA) and membrane process are competitve and less expensive or more convient than well known crygenic fractionation technology. A continuous membrane colume (CMC) combined with a PSA oxygen generator can be employed to produce high purity oxygen continuosly. The oxygen-enriched gas generated by a PSA unit, with a concentration of 93-94%, is fed to the CMC that consists of three modules of poly(imide) hollow fibers. Several experiments were conducted by varying parameters, such feed flow rate, transmenbrane pressure drop, stage cut, and feed location in order to obtain a high oxygen concentration above 99.0%. A two-series unit mode was also employed with CMC operation to optimize the given membrane area.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.62-67
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• 2022

Column chromatographic fractionation of the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of the stem-bark of Anacardium occidentale led to the isolation of five compounds (1-5). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic means by comparing spectral data to be β-sitosterol (1), 2,4-dihydroxy acetophenone (2), 1-monolinolein (3), ethyl oleate (4) and β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5). These compounds were evaluated for cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines: A549, SCOV3 and rat normal cell line NRK49f. Compounds 2-5 were for the first time isolated from A. occidentale.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.150-158
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• 1998

Limit dextrin of Korean beer(3 brands) and Japanese beer(21 brands) were separated by ethanol fractionation. Limit dextrin of Korean and Japanese beer was estimated to be 1.1%. 1H-NMR analysis revealed that the limit dextrin showed both signal of $\alpha$-1, 4- and $\alpha$-1, 6- glucosidic linkage with its estimation ratio of average 5.5:1. Limit dextrin was hydrolyzed to glucose with the yield of 57.22% by Aspergillus awamori $\alpha$-glucosidase(24.7 unit) plus human salivay $\alpha$-amylase(2.4 unit) in 100${mu}ell$ of 0.043M acetate buffer at 37$^{\circ}C$ for 5 hour. Among them, limit dextrin of Korean beer showed the highest hydrolysis rate of 76%. Small size sugars (64.8%) removed by ethanol fractionation and limit dextrin(21.4%) hydrolyzed by amylases that is digestable sugar. Non hydrolyzed limit dextrin(13.8%) by the amylases which can be a growth factor of Bifidobacterium in human intestine.