• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.447-459
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• 2004

Fortified foods are consumed widely in modem society according to increased concern on health oriented foods. This study investigated the patterns of vitamin-and/or mineral-fortified food use among 677 teenage students(13-18 years of age) in Chungnam province and Daejeon city in Korea using questionnaire. More than 63.7% of total subjects consumed more than one package of fortified foods belonged to more than three categories of five categories including sweets/biscuits, ramyons, beverages, milk and dairy products, and breads as a frequency of more than 1-2 times/week during previous three months prior to present survey. Consumption of fortified foods was higher in middle school students than in high school students(p<0.05), and in females than in females(p<0.001). Users of fortified foods took the snacks more often(p<0.001), and they tended to believe more positively that fortification can be helpful in health maintenance than did non-users. Users preferred vitamin C and Ca(calcium) as a fortified nutrient. Major fortified nutrients in fortified foods taken by users were various; vitamin B-complex and Ca from sweets/biscuits, Ca from ramyons, vitamin C and Ca from beverages, Ca and iron from milk and dairy products and breads. These results suggest that fortified foods are used commonly and are influenced by several factors among teenagers. Types of fortified nutrient, in fortified foods taken by subjects, are various and fortification is performed unspecifically. As a consequence both nutrition education and government regulation on fortified foods should be enforced to maximize the benefits and minimize the hazard of their use.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.160-167
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• 1998

Current status of nutrient fortification in processed food in Korea were presented by analyzing the information shown on food labels. The obtained information was assessed by the regulations on food fortification in both Korea and other countries including Codex. The most current regulations were gathered from internet. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Major nutrients fortified were calcium, Vit C, Vit B complex, iron and fiber. The forfified foods were not limitted to certain food group with more frequent fortification in snackfoods, cereal, ramyun, retort pouch foods, milk, and youguart. The descriptive terms of nutrition label for the fortification were various including high, supplemented, added, source, fortified, and abundance though the difference among these terms were not distinct. 2. Current regulation on nutrition label requires to give the content of the fortified nutrient and % RDA. However not all of food items carry above information. Also some ingredients such as chitosan, DHA, taurine, $\omega$-3 fatty acid, chondrichin, bifidus were supplemented mainly to the snack foods which FDA(USA) does not allow to be fortified. 3. The nutrient most frequently fortified was calcium and general practice of fortification appears to follow the regulation in Korea. Presently the regulation itself is not well described, this nutient fortification can cause toxic effect. Since calcium was supplemented to wide range of food group consumers who are not conscious of the safe upper limit may intake the fortified food up to the level of 2g/day. 4. For the effective fortification in Korea, the regulation on fortification should be reformed in accordance with the international guideline Codex and the regulations in other countries especially in America and Japan.

• 현장농수산연구지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.36-56
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• 2003

Selenium(Se) is an essential trace element in the human body. Main function of this element is a catalytic part of antioxidant enzymes that protect cells against the attacks of free radicals that are produced during normal metabolism of the body. Se is also essential for normal function of the immune system and thyroid gland. It also appears to be a key nutrient in counteracting the development of virulence and inhibiting HIV(human immunodeficiency virus) progression to AIDS. It is also required for sperm motility and reduces the depression. Therefore, it is very meaningful that livestock producers generate Se-fortified animal products, such as Se-egg, Se-milk, Se-pork, Se-chicken and Se-beef from the point of producers as well as human heath. However, regulation on Se usage and Se-fortified food/feed is far from being clear in Korea even though Se should be carefully monitored because of its toxicity. Thus, one has to be aware of Se properties when designing Se-fortified animal products.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.295-306
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• 2011

This study was performed to investigate patterns of fortified food (FF) consumption and intake of vitamins and minerals from FFs among 577 Korean children (12.4 years of age) who attended elementary or middle school. FFs eaten by children as a snack were surveyed using the food record method during 3 days, including 2 week days and one weekend. As a result, 114 FF items were eaten by the children, and several kinds of nutrients such as vitamin A, D, E, B complex, C, calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) were fortified in these foods. Ca-FFs (65.8%) were most frequently consumed, followed by vitamin C-FFs (33.4%) and vitamin D-FFs (33.3%). The number of FF items in each food group was the most in the milk group (n=24, 21.0%), followed by the beverage group (n=19, 16.7%), and the cookie/bread/cake group (n=17, 14.9%). Fortified nutrients in FFs were in various combinations, but the major combination patterns were Ca, Ca plus vitamins, Ca plus vitamins plus other minerals, and Ca plus other minerals. Daily mean intakes of vitamins and minerals from the FFs were 66-300% more than those of the recommended nutrient intake (RNI ) or adequate intake (AI) for most vitamins and minerals. Daily maximum intakes (95th percentile) of vitamins and minerals from FFs were 1-15 times the RNI or AI for most vitamins and minerals. Vitamin and mineral consumption ratios from each FF group were different according to the kind of fortified nutrient. For example, vitamin C was mostly eaten in fortified beverages (46-54%), and Fe was mostly eaten in fortified cookie/breads/cakes (87%). The above results show that FF consumption varied widely among the children, and that most of the children's foods were fortified with several vitamins and minerals without a common rule; thus, subjects risked over consuming vitamins and minerals by eating FFs. Therefore, practical guideline on FF use for children's optimal nutrition and health should be provided through nutrition education.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.43-54
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• 1993

한국의 계란 생산량은 1990년도에 39만 3천들에 달하였으며 연간 1만톤 이상이 수입되었다. 이러한 수입량은 해마다 늘어가는 추세이다. 국내 계란 소비는 가정용 계란이 차지하는 비중이 높아 가공식품의 비중이 증가하는 소비경향에도 불구하고 향후 추가 수요를 기대하기는 어려울 것으로 전망된다. 한국에서의 계란 가공제품은 크게 두 가지로 나눌 수 있는데 그 중 하나는 액란과 난분 등 1차 가공품이며 또 다른 하나는 계란 후레이크, 계란 두부 등과 같이 보다 가공된 3차 가공품이 그것이다. 이상의 난가공제품 이외에도 특정 영양소 둥이 강화된 특수란이 사료의 배합과 사양기술의 개발을 통하여 생산되고 있다. 본고에서는 그 밖에도 계란과 관련하여 현재까지 공고된 한국 특허를 정리 소개하였다. 앞으로는 영양소를 조절한 계란을 비롯하여 계란을 이용한 편이식품이 점차 일반화될 것으로 전망된다. 특히 저콜레스테롤 계란과 다중불포화지방산이 강화된 계란이 소비자의 요구에 부응하기 위하여 생산될 것이다. 그러나 보다 당면한 문제는 계란의 품질 등급제의 도입과 세척란의 저장성 향상 등과 같이 일반 계란의 유통과 관련된 점들일 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.507-515
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• 1996

Television food advertisement is the most effective way to reach to consumers with food and nutritional informations and affect their eating behavior. Therefore, 218 food commercials were reviewed using video tapes and copies to know the present food product trends, food messages they transmit and define misleading food commercials. Messages were focused on the benefit of health promoting substances they contain, especially for functional food components, fortified nutrients, food safety focused on food additives, convenience and differentiation with other products. Overnutrition on specific nutrients could be expected due to nutrient fortified products and misleading of food commercials were also noted. Regarding trends, guidelines provided by television broadcasting company shoud be fortified in the connection of Food Hygine Law and supervision committe should reinforce the food company to summit data for the approval of their advertisement claims. Nutrition educational spot program shoud be produced and broadcasted for the public to protect the consumer from food faddism in near future.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.217-222
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• 2013

In this study, we compared nutrient content emphasized on labelling of processed milks with that of whole milks and evaluated how well they conform to labelling standard. A total of 98 samples (33 whole milks, 28 calcium fortified milks, 30 low-fat milks and 7 lactose hydrolyzed milks) were collected in hypermarkets in Seoul from August 28 to August 30 in 2012. Calcium, fat and lactose contents were tested in the samples. Calcium contents ranged 102.2~113.0 mg/100 mL in whole milks and 120.1~337.8 mg/100 mL in calcium fortified milks. The level of calcium contents in fortified milks ranged very broad. Accordingly, the standard of calcium contents on fortified milks will be required. Fat contents ranged 3.1~3.9 g/100 mL in whole milks and 0.1~1.9 g/100 mL in low-fat milks. The average of fats content in low-fat milks was nearly one third than whole milks. Lactose contents was ranged 4.6~5.1 g/100 mL in whole milks and not detected in lactose hydrolyzed milks. All of processed milks were suitable to processing standard and labelling standard. But nutrition claims often used on processed milk such as "High" or "Low" were not adequate to indicate the exact nutrient content, which is a cause of the confusion for milk product labelling to consumers. We need a lot of research about nutrient labelling that can deliver appropriate and understandable information to customers.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.170-176
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• 2002

서울시내 백화점과 대형 마트에서 판매되는 칼슘강화식품을 조사하여 이들을 곡류가공품, 우유 및 유제품, 식.어육가공품, 라면류, 레토르트식품, 쥬스 및 음료류, 기타로 분류하고 각 제품에 표기된 영양표시를 중심으로 현재 우리나라 칼슘강화 현황과 영양표시 실태를 살펴보았다. 그러나 본 조사에서는 특정인을 위한 건강보조식품이나 특수영양식품 및 유아용 조제유와 이유식은 대상에서 제외하였다. 조사된 캄슘강화식품은 총 81건이었으며 곡류가공품, 라면류를 중심으로 광범위한 식품군에 강화되었다. 특히 칼슘이 기호식품에 첨가됨으로서 소비자의 식사 패턴과 기호도에 따라 개인별로 칼슘 섭취량의 차이가 클 가능성이 있었다. 그리고 칼슘강화식품은 대부분 칼슘이 단독으로 강화되었고 그 다음으로 칼슘 이외에 1종의 영양소가 추가로 강화된 제품들이 많았고 식품군에 따라서는 약간의 차이를 보였다. 특히 우유 및 유제품 식품군은 다중 강화식품군으로 한 제품과 칼슘과 1~8종의 영양소가 동시에 강화되었다. 또한 같이 첨가되는 영양소의 종류는 DHA가 가장 많았으며 그 외에 비타민류, 무기질류 등이 있었다. 제품의 칼슘함량을 표시하는 기준단위는 주로 '100g/100mL', '포장중량'이었으며 각 제품에 대한 소비자들의 실제 섭취량을 비교하기 위해 칼슘함량을 '1인 분량'당 % RDA로 환산해보면 2.5~27.6% RDA 범위였다. 특히 칼슘이 강화된 제품의 칼슘함량이 '1인 분량'당 10% RDA에도 미달되는 제품들이 많아 강화함량에 대한 전반적인 평가가 필요했다. 영양표시는 표시기준에 규정되지 않은 용어가 사용되고 규정된 용어를 사용하더라도 함량기준에 미달되는 경우가 있는 등 몇 가지 문제점을 드러냈다. 그러므로 영양강화가 제 역할을 다하기 위해서는 시대적인 요구에 능동적으로 대처하는 관련 정부기관의 노력과 식품업계의 강화에 따르는 기술력 향상 및 사후 품질관리가 필요했다. 또한 학술기관에서는 이에 대한 기초연구가 소비자들 대상으로 영양교육을 실시하고 소비자 스스로도 자신에 맞는 식품을 선택할 수 있는 능력을 갖추도록 꾸준한 노력과 관심을 가져야 할 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1998

A total of 120 pigs $(L\;{\times}\;LW\;{\times}\;D)$ averaged 14.16 kg of body weight were reared under six dietary treatments to evaluate the effects of amino acid supplementation on their performances. Treatments were 1) 18% CP diet (control); 2) 15% CP+0.28% Lys (B, 15L); 3) B+0.06% Met (15LM); 4) B+0.13% Thr (15LT) ; 5) B+0.06% Met+0.13% Thr (15LMT); 6) B+0.06% Met+0.13% Thr+0.05% Trp (15LMTT). Each treatment had 4 replicates with 5 pigs per replicate. The daily weight gains were statistically similar in 15LMT, 15LMTT and control groups. Threonine and methionine supplementation resulted in improved growth performance and nutrient digestibilities, while tryptophan supplementation had little beneficial effect. However, the best feed conversion was found in the control group. Dry. matter and CP digestibilities were improved in the 15LMT and 15LMTT groups. Gross energy, crude fat and phosphorus digestibilities were not affected by the treatment. Among the 15% CP groups, nitrogen digestibility showed the tendency to be increased as the more synthetic amino acids were added. Dry matter and nitrogen excretions were significantly reduced by feeding low protein, amino acid fortified diets, while phosphorus excretion was not influenced. Essential amino acids digestibility was higher in 15LT, 15LMT and 15LMTT groups and lower in the control. The 15LT group showed the best lysine digestibility, and methionine digestibilities were higher in all treated groups than control one. Threonine digestibilities higher in 15LT 15LMT, and 15LMTT than the control. The result shows that threonine and methionine should be added to the diet containing 15% CP diet, fortified with lysine to get same performance of 18% CP diet.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제58권5호
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• pp.21.1-21.8
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• 2016

Background: The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of feeding trace mineralsfortified mixed microbial culture (TMC) on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, blood electrolyte status, nitrogen balance, and trace mineral balance in sheep. Methods: Mixed microbes [0.6 % (v/w) of Enterobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus sp., and Saccharomyces sp.] were cultured with 99 % feedstuffs and 0.4 % trace minerals including zinc and copper for ensiling. Six sheep (a mean body weight of $46.5{\pm}1.2kg$) were fed two diets: a control diet (concentrate mix and rye straw) and an experimental diet (a control diet + 3.1 % TMC). Results: TMC feeding did not induce negative effects on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, blood electrolytes, and nitrogen balance in sheep. Feeding with TMC increased the intake of trace minerals (p < 0.05) and did not affect absorption of trace minerals in the whole digestive tract. Feeding with TMC increased fecal excretion and absorbable intake, and retention of zinc and copper (p < 0.05) by 71 % and 77 %, respectively. Conclusion: Feeding with TMC resulted in higher zinc and copper bioavailability and retention without any adverse effects on sheep performance.