• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.201-208
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• 1992

A Theileria sergenti soluble merozoite preparation containing the 29, 34, 35 and 105 KD as the immunodominant polypeptides, was evaluated for efficacy, safety and protectivity in Holstein calves against virulent field tick challenge. The soluble antigens (100 mg/dose) were fortified with either complete or incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Twenty naive calves, aged one month, were subcutaneously inoculated with the preparation and a booster dose was administered 4 weeks later. Twenty additional calves served as controls. Five weeks after the booster dose, vaccinates and uninoculated controls were moved to a pasture, a heavily tick infested area in Cheju-do, Korea. The vaccinates showed negligible change in hematocrit and total RBC count whereas control animals showed significant (p<0.05) hematological changes and associated anemia. Only 30% of vaccinates required chemotherapy after the experiment was terminated. All control animals required chemotherapy and 25% received blood transfusion. The highest percent parasitized erythrocytes in vaccinated cattle was 0.4% as compared with 3.6% among controls during the month of July. A significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in the rate of body weight increase. Significant difFerences were also noted in serum albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, total protein and bilirubin. Significantly more vaccinated cattle maintained normal ranges of hematological and biochemical values as compared with the control group. It is suggested that soluble merozoite T. sergenti antigens may be potential vaccine candidates for developing a genetic vaccine in Korea.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.133-140
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• 1992

Theileria sergenti were isolated from infected erythrocytes by hypotonic Iysis, and soluble meroBoite antigens were purified by sonication and differential centrifugation. The preparation contained 29, 34, 35 and 105 kD immuno-dominant polypeptides. The soluble antigens (0.5 mg/ml) were prepared and fortified with Freund's adjuvant. Five month old naive Korean calves were subcutaneously inoculated with the preparation and a booster dose was administered 4 weeks later Nine weeks after the booster dose, vaccinates and controls were challenged with a homologous stabilate (5.6×106 RBC/dose, 40% Parasitemia). All animals were monitored for hematocrit, total erythrocyte count, parasitemia and for the specific antibody by Western immuno- blot (WB) and indirect immuno-auorescent antibody(IFA) test. By 18 weeks after vaccination (6 weeks after the challenge), vaccinated cattle had an average IFA titer of 1 : 10,240 compared with 1 : 1,280 of the controls. The vaccinates showed ne91igib1e change in hematocrit and total RBC count whereas control animals showed significant (P<0.05) hematological chanties and associated anemia. After vaccination and challenge, the antibody responses demonstrated that vaccination had induced significant production of antibody to the 29 and 35 kD polypeptides. The latter polypeptide was much more strongly recognized by the vaccinated animals, and thus it may be a potential candidate for the vaccine.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1253-1253
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• 2001

The ability to accurately assess wine quality is important during the wine making process, particularly when allocating batches of wines to styles determined by consumer requirements. Grape payments are often determined by the quality category of the wine that is produced from them. Wine quality, in terms of sensory characteristics, is normally a subjective measure, performed by experienced winemakers, wine competition judges or winetasting panellists. By nature, such assessments can be biased by individual preferences and may be subject to day-to-day variation. Taste and aroma compounds are often present in concentrations below the detection limit of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy but the more abundant organic compounds offer potential for objective quality grading by this technique. Samples were drawn from one of Australia's major wine shows and from BRL Hardy's post-vintage wine quality allocation tastings. The samples were scanned in transmission mode with a FOSS NIR Systems 6500, over the wavelength range 400-2500 ㎚. Data analysis was performed with the Vision chemometrics package. With samples from the allocation tastings, the best correlations between NIR spectra and tasting data were obtained with dry red wines. These calibrations used loadings in the wavelengths related to anthocyanins, ethanol and possibly tannins. Anthocyanins are a group of compounds responsible for colour in red wines - restricting the wavelengths to those relating to anthocyanins produced calibrations of similar accuracy to those using the full wavelength range. This was particularly marked with Merlot, a variety that tends to have relatively lower anthocyanin levels than Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz. For dry white wines, calibrations appeared to be more dependent on ethanol characteristics of the spectrum, implying that quality correlated with fruit maturity. The correlations between NIR spectra and sensory data obtained using the wine show samples were less significant in general. This may be related to the fact that within most classes in the show, the samples may span vintages, glowing areas and winemaking styles, even though they may be made from only one grape variety. For dry red wines, the best calibrations were obtained with a class of Pinot Noir - a variety that tends to be produced in limited areas in Australia and would represent the least matrix variation. Good correlations were obtained with a tawny port class - these wines are sweet, fortified wines, that are aged for long periods in wooden barrels. During the ageing process Maillard browning compounds are formed and the water is lost through the barrels in preference to ethanol, producing “concentrated” darkly coloured wines with high alcohol content. These calibrations indicated heaviest loadings in the water regions of the spectrum, suggesting that “concentration” of the wines was important, whilst the visible and alcohol regions of the spectrum also featured as important factors. NIR calibrations based on sensory scores will always be difficult to obtain due to variation between individual winetasters. Nevertheless, these results warrant further investigation and may provide valuable Insight into the main parameters affecting wine quality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.11
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• pp.1710-1714
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• 2010

The effects of frying, steaming with soybean paste, and canning on the fatty acid compositions of farmed mackerel fed with CLA were evaluated. Saturates and monoenes acid content of the cooked mackerel control and CA25 groups at 27.5% and 44.6% and at 28.8% and 41.0%, respectively, were not significantly different from the raw samples at 27.1% and 35.6%, respectively. The polyenes acid content of control and CLA-fed groups were 31.2% in RO-8GM and 30.7% in RO-8CM after roasting, 27.1% in BO-8GM and 31.5% in BO-8CM for boiling, and 25.4% in CA-8GM and 28.4% in CA-8CM after canning which were not significantly different from the raw samples with 29.45% and 31.9%, respectively. Ratio of the n-6/n-3 in roasted group were 0.29 and 0.24, in steaming with soybean paste were 0.28 and 0.27, and in canned mackerel were 0.28 and 0.31 for the control and CA25 groups, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.321-329
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• 2014

This experiment was conducted to establish an analytical method for residues of amisulbrom, as recently developed an oomycete-specific fungicide showing inhibition of fungal respiration, in crops using HPLC-UVD/MS. Amisulbrom residue was extracted with acetonitrile from representative samples of five raw products which comprised apple, green pepper, kimchi cabbage, potato and hulled rice. The extract was diluted with 50 mL of saline water and directly partitioned into dichloromethane to remove polar co-extractives in the aqueous phase. For the hulled rice sample, n-hexane/acetonitrile partition was additionally employed to remove non-polar lipids. The extract was finally purified by optimized Florisil column chromatography. On an octadecylsilyl column in HPLC, amisulbrom was successfully separated from sample co-extractives and sensitively quantitated by ultraviolet absorption at 255 nm with no interference. Accuracy and precision of the proposed method was validated by the recovery test on every crop samples fortified with amisulbrom at 3 concentration levels per crop in each triplication. Mean recoveries ranged from 85.3% to 105.6% in five representative agricultural commodities. The coefficients of variation were all less than 10%, irrespective of sample types and fortification levels. Limit of quantitation (LOQ) of amisulbrom was 0.04 mg/kg as verified by the recovery experiment. A confirmatory method using LC/MS with selected-ion monitoring technique was also provided to clearly identify the suspected residue. The proposed method was sensitive, reproducible and easy-to-operate enough to routinely determine the residue of amisulbrom in agricultural commodities.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.1131-1138
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different sources of Ca and P on urine and ileal digesta pH, and ammonia ($NH_{3}$), methane ($CH_{4}$), and odor emission. In experiment 1, eight pigs (commercial three-way cross; initial BW 67$\pm$3 kg) were arranged in a repeated 4$\times$4 Latin Square design. All pigs were equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. Four corn-soybean meal based diets were formulated. Diet 1 was the control in which dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and limestone ($CaCO_{3}$) were used as the sources of inorganic P and Ca. In Diets 2 and 3, ${H_{3}}{PO_{4}}$, monocalcium phosphate (MCP), and $CaSO_{4}$replaced DCP and $CaCO_{3}$ as the inorganic sources of P and Ca. Diet 4 was similar to Diet 1 except that it was fortified with HCl to provide an acid load similar to that of diet 2. Urine and ileal digesta pH were determined in pigs fed each of these diets. In Exp. 1, urine pH decreased (p<0.05) in animals consuming diets containing ${H_{3}}{PO_{4}}$-$CaSO_{4}$ (5.85$\pm$0.38) and MCP-$CaSO_{4}$(5.73$\pm$0.30) compared with the DCP-$CaCO_{3}$ diet (6.89$\pm$0.24). In the pigs consuming ${H_{3}}{PO_{4}}$-$CaSO_{4}$, ileal digesta pH decreased compared with the control (5.52$\pm$0.28 vs. 6.66$\pm$0.17; p<0.05). Based on the results of Exp. 1, a total of four trials were performed in environmental chambers for determining how $NH_{3}$, $NH_{4}$, and odor were affected by the different dietary Ca and P sources (Exp. 2). In Exp. 2, pigs fed the ${H_{3}}{PO_{4}}$-$CaSO_{4}$ diet had decreased (30%) $NH_{3}$ emissions compared with the control (p<0.05). Also, a combination of MCP-$CaCO_{3}$-$CaCl_{12}$ decreased $NH_{3}$ emission by 15% (p<0.05). Emission of $CH_{4}$ was decreased only with the ${H_{3}}{PO_{4}}$-$CaSO_{4}$ diet with 14% (p<0.05). Odorant emission of phenolics and volatile fatty acids increased roughly three-fold with the DCP-$CaSO_{4}$ diet but was not affected by other test diets. In conclusion, acidogenic Ca and P sources in swine diets can decrease the urinary pH and reduce $NH_{3}$ and $CH_{4}$ emission from swine facilities.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.396-403
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• 2009

Male broiler chicks were fed graded levels of organic zinc (zinc-methionine) supplementation to investigate the effects of partial or complete substitution of the organic zinc source for inorganic ones on the development of lymphoid organs and immunological responses. A total of 450 day-old male broilers were distributed into groups of 10 chicks and randomly assigned to nine experimental diets during a 42-day feeding trial. Dietary treatments consisted of two basal diets supplemented with 40 mg/kg added zinc as feed-grade Zn sulfate or Zn oxide in which, Zn was replaced with that provided from zinc-methionine (ZnMet) complex at the levels of 25, 50, 75 or 100%. Two randomly-selected birds from each pen replicate were bled and then slaughtered by cervical cutting on the final day of the trial to measure leukocyte subpopulations and relative weights of lymphoid organs. Among lymphoid organs, only thymus weight was affected (p<0.05) by dietary treatments. The sulfate-supplemented birds were heavier (p<0.01) in relative weight of thymus than oxide-supplemented birds. The 10 days of age-assessed cutaneous hypersensivity reaction was stronger in chicks fed ZnMet-containing diets. Dietary ZnMet supplementation caused (p<0.05) an increase in proportion of lymphocytes and consequently a decrease in heterophil to lymphocyte ratio. Diet fortification by zinc-methionine complex increased (p<0.01) Newcastle antibody titer at 19 days of age. Also, a similar response was observed in antibody titers at 6 and 12 d after infectious bronchitis vaccine administration. There was no significant effect of replacement of dietary zinc on antibody titer against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) at the 6th d post-vaccine inoculation; however, at d 12 after vaccination, ZnMet-fortified diets improved antibody titer against IBDV. Although dietary inclusion of ZnMet had no marked effect on primary antibody titer against sheep erythrocytes, effective responses were observed during secondary reaction from the viewpoint of both total antibody and immunoglobulin Y (IgY) titers. From the present findings, it can be concluded that dietary supplementation with organic zinc improves both cellular and humoral immune responses. It is necessary to replace 75% of supplemental inorganic zinc with organic ZnMet complex to achieve the optimum immunological responses in broiler chicks.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.149-154
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• 2017

To increase the efficiency of esterase production by Bacillus, high cell-density culture of recombinant Escherichia coli through fed batch fermentation was tested. Cells were cultured to $OD_{600}$ of 76 (35.8 g/l DCW) with dissolved oxygen level controlled to least above 30% air saturation by supplying pure oxygen. Cells were cultured to an $OD_{600}$ of 90 (42.4 g/l DCW) with glucose feeding controlled to at least 1 g/l. However, the cells reached stationary phase at the late stage of culture, despite glucose being supplied. Cells were cultured to an $OD_{600}$ of 185 (87.3 g/l DCW) by supplying additional medium with fortified yeast extract. To increase the productivity of the recombinant protein, cell growth and esterase productivity based on induction time were evaluated. Late exponential phase induction for esterase production in fed batch fermentation resulted in maximum optical density $OD_{600}$ of 190 (89 g/l DCW) and maximum esterase activity of 1745 U/l, corresponding to a 5.8-fold enhancement in esterase production, compared to the early exponential phase induction. In this study, we established fermentation methods for achieving maximum production of Bacillus-derived esterase by optimizing IPTG induction time in high-cell density culture by supplying pure oxygen and a nitrogen source.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.10-15
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• 1998

The bimolecular inhibition rate constants of carbofuran and N-dimethylphosphinothioyl carbofuran(PSC) to acetylcholinesterase(AChE) were $7.7{\times}10^{5}\;M^{-1}{\cdot}min^{-1}$ and $1.2{\times}10^{3}\;M^{-1}{\cdot}min^{-1}$, respectively. These results showed that PSC required a bioactivation process for its toxic action because it didn't inhibit the target enzyme effectively. The potency of PSC as an inhibitor of AChE increased when PSC and AChE were incubated with microsomes fortified with NADPH compared with microsome alone. Piperonyl butoxide(PBO) addition to these coupled systems greatly reduced the inhibition of the target enzyme by blocking the bioactivation process. In vivo inhibition study of mouse brain AChE, $I_{50}$ value for AChE was 28 mg/kg for PSC and the value increased to 57 mg/kg when PBO was pretreated. This result showed that cytochrome $P_{450}$ would also play a role in the bioactivation process of PSC in vivo. And conversioin of carbofuran from PSC was 55 % in a chemical oxidation system using meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. The oxidative activation of PSC to carbofuran was shown to be essential for showing its toxicological action and cytochrome $P_{450}$ was identified as an important enzyme which participated in this process.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.107-116
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• 2013

Polar pesticides like pymetrozine (log $P_{ow}$: -0.18) are known to be difficult to analyze. The analytical method of pymetrozine using hydromatrix included in the official method of KFDA was uncommon and provided ambiguous evidence to confirm both the identity and the quantity. Therefore, precise single residue analytical method was developed in representative crops for using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). The pymetrozine residue was extracted with methanol from 11 representative crops which comprised apple, blueberry, broccoli, cabbage, cherry, crown daisy, hulled rice, Korean cabbage, potato, rice and watermelon. The extract was purified serially by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and silica solid phase extraction (SPE). For rice and hulled rice samples, n-hexane partition was additionally adopted to remove nonpolar interferences, mainly lipids. The residue levels were analyzed by HPLC with DAD, using $C_8$ column. LOQ (limit of quantitation) of pymetroizinie was 1 ng (S/N > 10) and MQL (method quantitation limit) was 0.01 mg/kg. Mean recoveries from 11 crop samples fortified at three levels (MQL, 10 ${\times}$ MQL and 50 ${\times}$ MQL) in triplicate were in the range of 83.1~98.5% with coefficients of variation (CV) of less than 10%, regardless of sample type, which satisfies the criteria of KFDA. The method established in this study could be applied to most of crops as an official and general method for analysis of pymetrozine residue.