• Title/Summary/Keyword: forming force

검색결과 479건 처리시간 0.028초

The Critical Pigment Volume Concentration Concept for Paper Coatings: II. Later-Bound Clay; Ground Calcium Carbonate, and Clay- carbonate Pigment Coatings

  • Lee, Do-Ik
    • 펄프종이기술
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    • 제34권5호
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    • pp.18-38
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    • 2002
  • A previous study on the model coatings based on latex-bound plastic pigment coatings (1) has been extended to latex-bound No. 1 clay, ultra-fine ground calcium carbonate (UFGCC), and clay-carbonate pigment mixture coatings, which are being widely used in the paper industry. The latex binder used was a good film-forming, monodisperse S/B latex or 0.15$\mu\textrm{m}$. No. 1 clay was representative of plate-like pigment particles, whereas UFGCC was of somewhat rounded rhombohedral pigment particlel. Both of them had negatively skewed triangular particle size distributions having the mean particle suet of 0.7${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ and 0.6$\mu\textrm{m}$, respectively. Their packing volumes were found to be 62.5% and 657%, respectively. while their critical pigment volume concentrations (CPVC's) were determined to be 52.7% and 50.5% ( average of 45% caused by the incompatibility and 55.9% extrapolated) by coating porosity, respectively. Each pigment/latex coating system has shown its unique relationship between coating properties and pigment concentrations, especially above its CPVC. Notably, the clay/latex coating system hat shown higher coating porosity than the UFGCC/latex system at high pigment concentrations above their respective CPVC's. It was also found that their coating porosity and gloss were inter-related to each other above the CPVC's, as predicted by the theory. More interestingly, the blends of these two pigments have shown unique rheological and coating properties which may explain why such pigment blends are widely used in the industry. These findings have suggested that the unique structure of clay coatings and the unique high-shear rheology of ground calcium carbonate coatings can be judiciously combined to achieve superior coatings. Importantly, the low-shear viscosity of the blends was indicative of their unique packing and coating structure, whereas their high-shear rheology was represented by a common mixing rule, i.e., a viscosity-averaging. Transmission and scanning electron and atomic force microscopes were used to probe the state of pigment / latex dispersions, coating surfaces, freeze fractured coating cross-sections, and coating surface topography. These microscopic studies complemented the above observations. In addition, the ratio, R, of CPVC/(Pigment Packing Volume) has been proposed as a measure of the binder efficiency for a given pigment or pigment mixtures or as a measure of binder-pigment interactions. Also, a mathematical model has been proposed to estimate the packing volumes of clay and ground calcium carbonate pigments with their respective particle size distributions. As well known in the particle packing, the narrower the particle size distributions, the lower the packing volumes and the greater the coating porosity, regardless of particle shapes.

수제 입사각에 따른 개수로 만곡부의 편수위와 하상변동 (Superelevation and Bed Variation Due to Attack Angle of Submerged Vanes in Curved Channel)

  • 박상덕;백중철;전우성;이현재
    • 대한토목학회논문집
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    • 제39권2호
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    • pp.297-306
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    • 2019
  • 개수로 만곡부에서 흐름은 원심력이 작용하기 때문에 횡방향 수면경사가 나타나고 유심선은 만곡 외측으로 치우친다. 수중 수제는 만곡부의 다양한 공학적인 문제를 해결하는 데 사용될 수 있다. 수중 수제가 흐름방향과 이루는 입사각과 수제 열 간격이 만곡부의 하상변동과 편수위에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해서 $90^{\circ}$만곡 직사각형 단면 수로에 잔자갈을 깔고 이동상 수리실험을 하였다. 만곡부에 수중 수제를 설치하면 최대 세굴심은 증가하나 균일한 둔각으로 수제를 설치하면 세굴을 줄일 수 있다. 수제를 설치한 만곡부에 수제설치 기준하상의 형성유량과 같은 유량이 흐를 경우 최대 세굴이 발생하는 위치가 하류로 이동하고 편수위는 증가한다. 그 유량보다 작으면 최대 세굴심의 위치가 상류로 이동하며 편수위는 감소한다. 만곡부에서 수중 수제는 입사각, 유량, 수제 열 간격의 상호작용에 따라 하상변동과 편수위에 대한 영향이 다르다.

Ar-N2 플라즈마가 Cu 표면에 미치는 구조적 특성 분석 (Structural Characteristics of Ar-N2 Plasma Treatment on Cu Surface)

  • 박해성;김사라은경
    • 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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    • 제25권4호
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    • pp.75-81
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    • 2018
  • Cu-Cu 웨이퍼 본딩 강도를 향상시키기 위한 Cu 박막의 표면처리 기술로 $Ar-N_2$ 플라즈마 처리 공정에 대해 연구하였다. $Ar-N_2$ 플라즈마 처리가 Cu 표면의 구조적 특성에 미치는 영향을 X선 회절분석법, X선 광전자 분광법, 원자간력현미경을 이용하여 분석하였다. Ar 가스는 플라즈마 점화 및 이온 충격에 의한 Cu 표면의 활성화에 사용되고, $N_2$ 가스는 패시베이션(passivation) 층을 형성하여 -O 또는 -OH와 같은 오염으로부터 Cu 표면을 보호하기 위한 목적으로 사용되었다. Ar 분압이 높은 플라즈마로 처리한 시험편은 표면이 활성화되어 공정 이후 더 많은 산화가 진행되었고, $N_2$ 분압이 높은 플라즈마 시험편에서는 Cu-N 및 Cu-O-N과 같은 패시베이션 층과 함께 상대적으로 낮은 수치의 산화도가 관찰되었다. 본 연구에서는 $Ar-N_2$ 플라즈마 처리가 Cu 표면에서 Cu-O 형성 억제 반응에 기여하는 것을 확인할 수 있었으나 추가 연구를 통하여 질소 패시베이션 층이 Cu 웨이퍼 전면에 형성되기 위한 플라즈마 가스 분압 최적화를 진행하고자 한다.

Comparative study of thermal gelation properties and molecular forces of actomyosin extracted from normal and pale, soft and exudative-like chicken breast meat

  • Li, Ke;Liu, Jun-Ya;Fu, Lei;Zhao, Ying-Ying;Bai, Yan-Hong
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제32권5호
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    • pp.721-733
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    • 2019
  • Objective: The objectives of this study were to investigate the thermal gelation properties and molecular forces of actomyosin extracted from two classes of chicken breast meat qualities (normal and pale, soft and exudative [PSE]-like) during heating process to further improve the understanding of the variations of functional properties between normal and PSE-like chicken breast meat. Methods: Actomyosin was extracted from normal and PSE-like chicken breast meat and the gel strength, water-holding capacity (WHC), protein loss, particle size and distribution, dynamic rheology and protein thermal stability were determined, then turbidity, active sulfhydryl group contents, hydrophobicity and molecular forces during thermal-induced gelling formation were comparatively studied. Results: Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that protein profiles of actomyosin extracted from normal and PSE-like meat were not significantly different (p>0.05). Compared with normal actomyosin, PSE-like actomyosin had lower gel strength, WHC, particle size, less protein content involved in thermal gelation forming (p<0.05), and reduced onset temperature ($T_o$), thermal transition temperature ($T_d$), storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G"). The turbidity, reactive sulfhydryl group of PSE-like actomyosin were higher when heated from $40^{\circ}C$ to $60^{\circ}C$. Further heating to $80^{\circ}C$ had lower transition from reactive sulfhydryl group into a disulfide bond and surface hydrophobicity. Molecular forces showed that hydrophobic interaction was the main force for heat-induced gel formation while both ionic and hydrogen bonds were different significantly between normal and PSE-like actomyosin (p<0.05). Conclusion: These changes in chemical groups and inter-molecular bonds affected protein-protein interaction and protein-water interaction and contributed to the inferior thermal gelation properties of PSE-like meat.

전산유체역학을 이용한 단일 송풍기가 적용된 공냉식 연소설비의 효율개선 (Enhancement of combustion efficiency of a air-cooled combustor system with single F.D. Fan Using CFD)

  • 김민철;손병현;이재정;박흥석
    • 한국산학기술학회논문지
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    • 제22권6호
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    • pp.460-468
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    • 2021
  • 본 연구는 multi fan 방식의 "공랭식 연소설비"의 공정관리상의 문제점을 single F.D. fan 으로 대체하여 개선시키기 위해 CFD 진행하였고, 연소로 내 유동조건 변화를 분석하여 문제점을 확인하였다. 이를 개선하기 위해 연소공기 주입구조를 변경하였고, 구조 변화에 따른 연소효율 개선을 수치해석으로 평가하였다. 또한 실제 연소설비에 수치해석결과를 반영하여 구조개선을 한 후 개선 전·후의 연소효율을 실험적으로 측정하였다. 먼저 기존 Single F.D fan 이 적용된 연소설비에 대한 수치해석을 통해, 2개의 유로로 공급되는 연소공기가 각 유로의 마찰력 차이와 압력의 변화로 인해 연소로 내에서 공급비율이 불규칙하게 되어 선회방식의 연소조건을 위한 축 형태의 난류형성이 어려움을 확인하였다. 이를 개선하기 위해서 연소로에 주입하는 공기 공급 방식을 두 가지로 나누어 수치해석을 하였다. 첫 번째 방식은 연소공기를 외벽에서 180 ~ 360° 회전 후 예열된 연소공기가 주입되는 구조에 대하여 검토하였고, 두 번째는 연소로 내에는 선회할 수 있는 베인(vane) 구조를 적용하여 연소로 밖에서 1차 열교환 후 연소로 내부에 접선방향으로 연소공기가 주입되는 구조에 대하여 검토하였다. 그 결과, single F.D. fan을 가진 공랭식 연소로에 선회방식으로 공기를 주입할 경우, 연소로 외벽의 냉각과 연소로 내부의 완전혼합 유지를 위해 이중 냉각벽을 가지는 덕트 구조를 적용하는 것이 연소조건을 최적화하는데 바람직한 것으로 나타났으며, 실제 운영중인 설비에 적용하여 개선 전·후의 연소효율을 비교한 결과 연소효율이 개선되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

미생물 첨가와 사일로 밀도가 총체벼 사일리지의 영양소 함량, 발효특성 및 호기적 안전성에 미치는 영향 (Effects of Microbial Additives and Silo Density on Chemical Compositions, Fermentation Indices, and Aerobic Stability of Whole Crop Rice Silage)

  • 주영호;정승민;서명지;이성신;최기춘;김삼철
    • 한국초지조사료학회지
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    • 제42권2호
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    • pp.96-102
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    • 2022
  • 본 연구에서는 미생물 첨가제와 사일로 밀도가 총체벼 곤포 사일리지의 영양소 함량, 발효특성 및 호기적 안전성에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 수행하였다. 미생물 첨가와 사일로 밀도는 사일리지의 영양소 함량에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 하지만, INO 시험구에서 lactate 함량, lactate와 acetate 비율 및 LAB는 감소하였고, propionate 함량, yeast 및 호기적 안전성은 증가하였다. 사일로 밀도는 pH와 lactate 함량에 영향을 미쳤으나, 처리 구간 차이는 매우 적었다. 이상의 결과에서, L. brevis 5M2와 L. buchneri 6M1을 포함한 혼합형 LAB 첨가제 사용은 총체벼 곤포 사일리지의 호기적 안전성 개선에 유리하며, 사일로 밀도는 베일 압력이 430~770 kgf/cm2일 때 정상적인 사일리지 발효가 일어나는 것으로 확인되었다.

Silver Diamine Fluoride와 요오드화 칼륨 도포 후 상아질 표면 거칠기와 초기 우식원성 세균막 형성 (Surface Roughness of Dentin and Formation of Early Cariogenic Biofilm after Silver Diamine Fluoride and Potassium Iodide Application)

  • 김해니;박호원;이주현;이시영
    • 대한소아치과학회지
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    • 제49권2호
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    • pp.140-148
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    • 2022
  • 이 연구는 우식원성 세균막 형성과 상아질 표면 거칠기에 대한 Silver diamine fluoride와 요오드화 칼륨(KI)의 영향을 실험실 환경에서 평가하는 것이다. 인공 우식을 유발한 48개의 Bovine dentin 시편을 제작하여 대조군, SDF 도포, SDF와 KI 도포(SDFKI)의 3개 군으로 나누었다. 각 군당 10개의 시편의 상면에 Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei 및 Candida albicans를 포함하는 다종 우식원성 세균을 24시간 동안 배양 후 세균 수를 측정하였다. 나머지 시편은 원자 힘 현미경과 주사전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. SDF와 SDFKI 도포 시 대조군에 비해 세균 수가 유의하게 감소했으며, KI는 SDF의 항균 효과를 유의하게 저해하지 않았다. 현미경 관찰 시 SDF와 SDFKI 도포 후 생성되는 입자가 상아질 표면에 침착 되는 것을 관찰했으나 표면 거칠기는 세 군 간 유의한 차이가 없었다.

긴 파이프로 이뤄진 세장형 부이 구조물의 파랑 중 생존성에 관한 모형시험 및 수치해석 연구 (An Experimental and Numerical Study on the Survivability of a Long Pipe-Type Buoy Structure in Waves)

  • 권용주;남보우;김남우;박인보;김시문
    • 한국항해항만학회지
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    • 제42권6호
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    • pp.427-436
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    • 2018
  • 본 논문에서는 긴 파이프 이뤄진 세장형 부이 구조물의 파랑 중 거동특성에 관한 모형시험과 수치해석 연구를 수행하였다. 대상 부이 구조물은 긴 파이프를 기본 뼈대로 하여, 상부구조물, 부력재, 중력식 앵커로 구성된 아티큘레이트(Articulated)형 부이 구조물이다. 대상 해역인 서해에서의 본 부이 구조물의 생존성을 평가하기 위하여, 축척비 1/22의 축소 모형을 제작하여 선박해양플랜트연구소 해양공학수조에서 일련의 모형시험을 진행하였다. 이 때 50년 재현주기의 극한파 조건을 고려하였으며, 또한 조류 및 주기 효과를 검토하기 위하여 추가적인 실험을 수행하였다. 생존성 평가를 위한 주된 평가항목으로는 구조물의 거동, 앵커 지지력, 침수 횟수를 고려하였다. 모형시험 결과와의 상호검증을 수행하기 위하여 상용계류해석 프로그램인 OrcaFlex를 이용하여 수치 시뮬레이션을 병행하였다. 평가결과로써 먼저 조위차에 따른 본 부이 구조물의 거동 특성에 대해 살펴보았다. 고조위와 저조위 조건에서의 종동요 응답, 앵커지지력의 변화를 살펴보았으며, 수치 시뮬레이션 결과와의 직접 비교 검토하였다. 두 번째로는 파도 주기와 조류의 유무에 따른 부이 구조물의 응답 특성 변화에 대해 고찰하였다. 세 번째로는 상부구조물의 침수와 관련하여 비디오 분석을 통한 침수 횟수를 수치해석 결과와 비교 제시하였다. 마지막으로 모형시험에서 직접 계측하지 못한 구조응답과 관련하여 수치 시뮬레이션 결과를 제시하고, 극한파 중 구조적 안전성에 대해서 논하였다. 일련의 생존성 평가 연구를 통하여 본 부이 구조물의 극한파 중 거동 특성에 대해 살펴볼 수 있었으며, 파도, 조류, 조위차에 따른 민감도 특성을 통해 본 부이구조물의 취약점 및 활용성에 대해 고찰해 보고자 하였다.

Video UGC 제작 동기와 행위 과정에 관한 이해: 구현의도이론 (Theory of Implementation Intentions)의 적용을 중심으로 (Understanding User Motivations and Behavioral Process in Creating Video UGC: Focus on Theory of Implementation Intentions)

  • 김형진;송세민;이호근
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제19권4호
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    • pp.125-148
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    • 2009
  • UGC(User Generated Contents) is emerging as the center of e-business in the web 2.0 era. The trend reflects changing roles of users in production and consumption of contents on websites and helps us to understand new strategies of websites such as web portals and social network websites. Nowadays, we consume contents created by other non-professional users for both utilitarian (e.g., knowledge) and hedonic values (e.g., fun). Also, contents produced by ourselves (e.g., photo, video) are posted on websites so that our friends, family, and even the public can consume those contents. This means that non-professionals, who used to be passive audience in the past, are now creating contents and share their UGCs with others in the Web. Accessible media, tools, and applications have also reduced difficulty and complexity in the process of creating contents. Realizing that users create plenty of materials which are very interesting to other people, media companies (i.e., web portals and social networking websites) are adjusting their strategies and business models accordingly. Increased demand of UGC may lead to website visits which are the source of benefits from advertising. Therefore, they put more efforts into making their websites open platforms where UGCs can be created and shared among users without technical and methodological difficulties. Many websites have increasingly adopted new technologies such as RSS and openAPI. Some have even changed the structure of web pages so that UGC can be seen several times to more visitors. This mainstream of UGCs on websites indicates that acquiring more UGCs and supporting participating users have become important things to media companies. Although those companies need to understand why general users have shown increasing interest in creating and posting contents and what is important to them in the process of productions, few research results exist in this area to address these issues. Also, behavioral process in creating video UGCs has not been explored enough for the public to fully understand it. With a solid theoretical background (i.e., theory of implementation intentions), parts of our proposed research model mirror the process of user behaviors in creating video contents, which consist of intention to upload, intention to edit, edit, and upload. In addition, in order to explain how those behavioral intentions are developed, we investigated influences of antecedents from three motivational perspectives (i.e., intrinsic, editing software-oriented, and website's network effect-oriented). First, from the intrinsic motivation perspective, we studied the roles of self-expression, enjoyment, and social attention in forming intention to edit with preferred editing software or in forming intention to upload video contents to preferred websites. Second, we explored the roles of editing software for non-professionals to edit video contents, in terms of how it makes production process easier and how it is useful in the process. Finally, from the website characteristic-oriented perspective, we investigated the role of a website's network externality as an antecedent of users' intention to upload to preferred websites. The rationale is that posting UGCs on websites are basically social-oriented behaviors; thus, users prefer a website with the high level of network externality for contents uploading. This study adopted a longitudinal research design; we emailed recipients twice with different questionnaires. Guided by invitation email including a link to web survey page, respondents answered most of questions except edit and upload at the first survey. They were asked to provide information about UGC editing software they mainly used and preferred website to upload edited contents, and then asked to answer related questions. For example, before answering questions regarding network externality, they individually had to declare the name of the website to which they would be willing to upload. At the end of the first survey, we asked if they agreed to participate in the corresponding survey in a month. During twenty days, 333 complete responses were gathered in the first survey. One month later, we emailed those recipients to ask for participation in the second survey. 185 of the 333 recipients (about 56 percentages) answered in the second survey. Personalized questionnaires were provided for them to remind the names of editing software and website that they reported in the first survey. They answered the degree of editing with the software and the degree of uploading video contents to the website for the past one month. To all recipients of the two surveys, exchange tickets for books (about 5,000~10,000 Korean Won) were provided according to the frequency of participations. PLS analysis shows that user behaviors in creating video contents are well explained by the theory of implementation intentions. In fact, intention to upload significantly influences intention to edit in the process of accomplishing the goal behavior, upload. These relationships show the behavioral process that has been unclear in users' creating video contents for uploading and also highlight important roles of editing in the process. Regarding the intrinsic motivations, the results illustrated that users are likely to edit their own video contents in order to express their own intrinsic traits such as thoughts and feelings. Also, their intention to upload contents in preferred website is formed because they want to attract much attention from others through contents reflecting themselves. This result well corresponds to the roles of the website characteristic, namely, network externality. Based on the PLS results, the network effect of a website has significant influence on users' intention to upload to the preferred website. This indicates that users with social attention motivations are likely to upload their video UGCs to a website whose network size is big enough to realize their motivations easily. Finally, regarding editing software characteristic-oriented motivations, making exclusively-provided editing software more user-friendly (i.e., easy of use, usefulness) plays an important role in leading to users' intention to edit. Our research contributes to both academic scholars and professionals. For researchers, our results show that the theory of implementation intentions is well applied to the video UGC context and very useful to explain the relationship between implementation intentions and goal behaviors. With the theory, this study theoretically and empirically confirmed that editing is a different and important behavior from uploading behavior, and we tested the behavioral process of ordinary users in creating video UGCs, focusing on significant motivational factors in each step. In addition, parts of our research model are also rooted in the solid theoretical background such as the technology acceptance model and the theory of network externality to explain the effects of UGC-related motivations. For practitioners, our results suggest that media companies need to restructure their websites so that users' needs for social interaction through UGC (e.g., self-expression, social attention) are well met. Also, we emphasize strategic importance of the network size of websites in leading non-professionals to upload video contents to the websites. Those websites need to find a way to utilize the network effects for acquiring more UGCs. Finally, we suggest that some ways to improve editing software be considered as a way to increase edit behavior which is a very important process leading to UGC uploading.

타이타늄 표면 코팅 처리에 따른 타이타늄도재관의 파절강도 비교 (A COMPARISON OF FRACTURE STRENGTHS OF PORCELAIN-FUSED-TO-TITANIUM CROWN AMONG TITANIUM SURFACE COATING TREATMENTS)

  • 김지혜;박상원;방몽숙;양홍서;박하옥;임현필;오계정;김현승;이광민;이경구
    • 대한치과보철학회지
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    • 제45권2호
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    • pp.203-215
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    • 2007
  • Statement of problem: Titanium and its alloy, with their excellent bio-compatibility and above average resistance to corrosion, have been widely used in the field of dentistry. However, the excessive oxidization of titanium which occurs during the process of firing on porcelain makes the bonding of titanium and porcelain more difficult than that of the conventional metal-porcelain bonding. To solve this problem related to titanium-porcelain bonding, several methods which modify the surfaces, coat the surfaces of titanium with various pure metals and ceramics, to enable the porcelain adhesive by limiting the diffusion of oxygen and forming the adhesive oxides surfaces, have been investigated. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to know whether the titanium-porcelain bonding strength could be enhanced by treating the titanium surface with gold and TiN followed by fabrication of clinically applicable porcelain-fused-to-titanium crown Material and method: The porcelain-fused-to-titanium crown was fabricated after sandblasting the surface of the casting titanium coping with $Al_2O_3$ and treating the surface with gold and TiN coating followed by condensation and firing of ultra-low fusing porcelain. To compare with porcelain-fused-to-titanium crowns, porcelain-fused-to-gold crowns were fabricated and used as control groups. The bonding strengths of porcelain-fused-to-gold crowns and porcelain-fused-totitanium crowns were set for comparison when the porcelain was fractured on purpose to get the experimental value of fracture strength. Then, the surface were examined by SEM and each fracturing pattern were compared with each other Result:Those results are as follows. 1. The highest value of fracture strength of porcelain-fused-to-titanium crowns was in the order of group with gold coating, group with TiN coating, group with $Al_2O_3$ sandblasting. No statistically significant difference was found among the three (P>.05). 2. The porcelain-fused-to-gold crowns showed the highest value in bonding strength. The bonding strength of crowns porcelain-fused-to-titanium crowns of rest groups showed bonding strength reaching only 85%-94% of that of PFG, though simple comparision seemed unacceptable due to the difference in materials used. 3. The fracturing patterns between metal and porcelain showed mixed type of failure behavior including cohesive failure and adhesive failure as a similar patterns by examination with the naked eye and SEM. But porcelain-fused-to-gold crowns showed high incidence of adhesive failure and porcelain-fused-to-titanium crowns showed high incidence of cohesive failure. Conclusion: Above results proved that when fabricating porcelain-fused-to-titanium crowns, treating casting titanium surface with gold or TiN was able to enhance the bonding strength between titanium and porcelain. Mean value of masticatory force was found to showed clinically acceptable values in porcelain bonding strength in all three groups. However, more experimental studies and evaluations should be done in order to get better porcelain bonding strength and various surface coating methods that can be applied on titanium surface with ease.