• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.316-322
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• 2014

The present study investigated the inflammatory hypersensitivity following activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor-1(TRPV1) in rats. Experiments were carried out on male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 220-260g. Following an subcutaneous injection of 5% formalin in the orofacial area, nociceptive scratching behavior was recorded for 9 successive 5-min intervals in rats. The subcutaneous injection of $25{\mu}L$ of 5% formalin produced noxious scratching behavior. Injection of capsaicin, TRPV1 agonist, alone into the vibrissa pad did not produced nociceptive behavior. After subcutaneous injection of capsaicin(0$0.1{\mu}g$, $1{\mu}g/10{\mu}L$) in the formalin-treated rats, nociceptive scratching behavior was recorded for 9 successive 5-min internals. Injection of capsaicin into the vibrissa pad significantly increased the number of scratches at 1 hours after injection. Noxious behavioral responses induced by subcutaneous capsaicin injection were significantly potentiated in formalin-treated rats. Pre or post-treatment with iodo-resinaferatoxin(IRTX), TRPV1 antagonist, significantly attenuated increased nociceptive behavior. These findings suggest that activation of the TRPV1 enhanced formalin-induced inflammatory pain in the orofacial area of rats.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.223-233
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• 2004

Objective: As a manual accupucture method, the twirling-needle treatment has been known more effective in relieving pain than the conventional simple accupuncture treatment. Finding a proper treatment condition is difficult because of the lack of a quantative measurement of the alleviation of pain made by acupuncture. In this research, the authors propose the use of infrared thermal images in a formalin test to quantatively verify the effect of twirling. Methods: After injecting 10%~20% formalin into the tail of rats, the infrared thermal images(ITI) have been obtained to estimate the thermal distribution caused by inflammation. The authors propose a processing method to measure the thermal distribution from the thermal images obtained from the infrared camera as a pain model of the formalin test. Results: The pain model obtained from the infrared thermal image has two phases. The first phase, which is a transient period, is the initial 20 minutes when the pain is developed after the formalin injection. The second phase, which is a steady state, is where the development of pain lasts for 60 minutes or more after the first stage. This characteristic of the proposed model based on ITI is consistent with that of the pain model reported by other researchers whose works are based on the time-course of flinching and licking/biting, following a different concentration of formalin. It is noticed that the response of the thermal distribution obtained from ITI shows very high correlation to the behavioral response in the formalin test performed by Kazuhiro Okuda and four others5). In addition, the authors propose an ITI method to determine the pain-reducing effect of the acupuncture. The thermal distribution obtained from the experiment shows that there is significant pain reducing effect made by the twirling-needle method.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.240-247
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• 2014

Acaiberry (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) is widely diffused in amazon and is known that has high antioxidant capacity and potential anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate analgesic effects of acaiberry in formalin-induced orofacial pain through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate 4 (NOX4) pathway. Rats were divided into 5 groups (n=6); formalin (5%, $50{\mu}L$), formalin after saline (vehicle) or acaiberry (16, 80, 160 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). The nociceptive response was investigated all of groups, p38 MAPK or NOX4 were analysed at dose of 80 mg/kg of acaiberry in rat's medulla oblongata and adrenal gland. Results indicated that acai berry produced analgesic effect in a dose-dependent manner and significantly reduced formalin-induced nociceptive response at 15~40 min. Acaiberry (80 mg/kg) decreased the increased p38 MAPK activation and NOX4 expression in medulla oblongata and adrenal gland. Based on these results, acaiberry is believed to be useful for modulation of orofacial pain and its treatments because of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.231-246
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• 2000

Acupuncture has been used for treatment of numerous diseases, especially for pain control in the oriental culture. However, the mechanism of pain control by acupuncture was not clear so far. The present study was examined that the effects of electro-acupuncture (EA) applied to the acu-point of extra-segmental area on modulation of formalin induced pain in Sprague - Dawley rats. In order to apply EA to acu-points in the plantar area of right fore paws, a pair of teflon - coated stainless steel wires were implanted in HT 7 (shin-mun) and PC 7 (dae-neong) 5 days before behavioral test. A behavioral test was performed by means of video camera after injection of 5% formalin ($50{\mu}l$) into the lateral plantar region of left hind paw. EA was delivered by a constant current stimulator at 4~5 mA, 2 ms, and 10 Hz for 30 min. The electromyographic activities were recorded in the biceps femoris muscle under chloral hydrate anesthesia. Test stimuli with 1~9mA were applied to the sural nerve territory including the medial portion of the 4th toe and the lateral portion of the 5th toe. Behavioral responses including favoring, flinching and bitting were occured in the biphasic pattern, such as the lst phase (0~5 min) and the 2nd phase (20~45 min) after formalin injection. However, EA (4~5 mA, 2 ms, 10 Hz) significantly inhibited Che behavioral responses. EMG activities of flexor reflex had a latency of 100~300 ms and thresholds of test stimuli for EMG were 4~5 mA in normal rats. Injection of formalin decreased threshold of test stimuli and increased EMG activities for 2hrs after injection. However, EA significantly inhibited EMG activities of flexor reflex increased by formalin and recovered EMG evoked thresholds. These results suggest that contralateral extra-segmental EA inhibits the first and second phases of formalin induced pain but their mechanism be needed to examine additionally.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.403-411
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• 2023

Objectives: Formalin is used as an anthelmintic in farms where flounder are raised. In this study, we aim to identify formaldehyde exposure levels for aquaculture industry workers and provide basic data for managing formaldehyde exposure. Methods: Exposure levels of formaldehyde in the air, including formalin spraying operations, were assessed separately for personal and area samples. In addition, considering the formalin administration method, dermal exposure to the hands was estimated when administering the chemical, and dermal exposure to the legs during water tank work was estimated by collecting water in the water tank and evaluating the amount of formaldehyde remaining. Finally, the respiratory exposure level and the estimated dermal exposure level were added to derive the total exposure level and compared with the maximum allowable human dose. Results: As a result of the airborne evaluation, the formaldehyde concentration of the worker (1 person) who performed the formalin spraying and flounder sorting was 33.61 ppb, and the arithmetic mean of formaldehyde concentrations of the workers (3 people) who only performed the flounder sorting was 3.28 ppb (range: 2.25-4.89 ppb). In the case of dermal exposure, when spraying formalin once, the amount was estimated to be 0.33-2.62 mg when wearing protective gear and 3.27-26.12 mg when not wearing it. Conclusions: There was a difference in the formaldehyde exposure level of workers depending on their operation of handling formalin and whether or not protective gear was worn. In particular, because the level of formaldehyde exposure due to dermal exposure can be significant, there is a need to improve formalin administration methods in a way that avoids skin contact as much as possible.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.142-145
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• 2006

Background: Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the transmission and modulation of nociceptive information at the peripheral, spinal cord and supraspinal levels. We conducted this experiment to assess the antinociceptive effects of a nonselective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), on the modulation of pain in rats subjected to the formalin test. Methods: Formalin 5% was injected in the right hind paw after intraperitoneal (IP) injection of various doses of L-NAME (0.5 mg/kg, 1.5 mg/kg with and without L-arginine 100 mg/kg, 5.0 mg/kg). The number of flinches was measured. Results: Formalin injected into the rat hind paw induced a biphasic nociceptive behavior. IP injected L-NAME diminished the nociceptive behaviors in a dose-dependent manner during phases 1 and 2. The concomitant injection of L-arginine reversed the antinocipetive effect of L-NAME. Conclusions: The data demonstrates that a nonselective NOS inhibitor, L-NAME, possesses antinociceptive properties in rats subjected to the formalin test, and the antinociceptive effect of L-NAME is reversed by the concomitant administration of L-arginine.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.743-745
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• 2013

We compared the efficacy and applicability of a modified formalin-ether concentration technique (M-FECT) to the conventional FECT (C-FECT) and the agar plate culture (APC) method for the detection of Strongyloides stercoralis larvae. For this purpose, we used 600 human fecal specimens collected in an endemic area of southern Thailand. In the M-FECT, we used 2 layers of wire meshes, instead of gauze, to avoid the loss by absorption/adhesion of larvae to the gauze during filtration, and we reduced the exposure time of S. stercoralis larvae in stool samples to formalin. By such simple modifications, the efficacy of M-FECT has become comparable to APC and was much better than that of C-FECT for the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.111-115
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• 2002

The scuticocilliate, Uronema marinum is a histophagous ciliate and the causative agent of 'scuticociliatosis'in cultured olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. In the present study, in vitro efficacy of hydrogen peroxide, formalin and copper sulfate on the scuticocilliate at low salinity was investigated. Each chemical showed synergistic parasiticidal effects with low salinity (salinity in 5 ppt) compared to each chemical alone (salinity in 33 ppt). At low salinity (5‰), ciliates were killed completely within 1.5h by exposure to 50ppm formalin (37% formaldehyde), at 100ppm hydrogen peroxide (30% solution) and at 100ppm copper sulfate (20% solution). The formalin was the most effective chemical against the parasites at low salinity.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.265-271
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• 1976

Parasitic protozoans of fish, such as Chilodonella, Costia, Trichodina, Ichthyophthirius are effectively eradicated by treating with a mixture of $50\~60\;ppm$ formalin, 0.2 ppm malachite green and 0.6 ppm dipterex in water recycling aquariums. In this case any histopathological changes in the gill of fish were not observed. The parasites began to disappear 6 hours after treatment. Upon increased concentrations of formalin of 130 to 140 ppm, a significant change on the epithelium of gills was observed in $24\~48\;hours $ after treatment. In this case gill epithelium degenerated and necrosis of the gill lamella supporting cells follows.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.35-39
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• 2018

Atypical furnculosis caused by atypical Aeromonas salmonicida, is an emerging problem of farming of rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) in Korea. In this study, protection against atypical furunculosis was compared in rockfish vaccinated with A. salmonicida formalin killed cell (FKC) and adjuvant containing FKC. The formalin inactivated A. salmonicida vaccine provided a low protection of 20% and 10% relative percent survival (RPS) at 44 and 58 days post vaccination. However, addition of adjuvant (squalene and aluminum hydroxide) into inactivated A. salmonicida vaccine clearly enhanced the level of protection showing 70% and 50% RPS at 44 and 58 days post vaccination.