• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.27-35
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• 2024

It was known that crude oil can be mainly divided into saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes. If microbial biodegradation of asphaltenes is effectively viable, additional oil production will be expected from depleted oil reservoir. Meanwhile, biodegradation can be applied to other aspects, such as the bioremediation of spilled oil. In this case, the biodegradation of asphaltenes also plays an important role. It has been already reported that asphaltenes are decomposed by bacterial consortia. However, the biodegradation mechanism of asphaltenes has not been clearly presented. The major reason is that the molecular structure of asphaltenes is complicated and is mainly in a aggregated form. In this paper, it was presumed that the biodegradation process of asphaltenes may follow the microbial oxidation mechanism of saturates and aromatics which are easier biodegradable than asphaltenes among the crude oil components. In other words, the biodegradation process was explained by serial stages; the contact between asphaltenes and bacteria in the presence of biosurfactants, and the decomposition of alkyl groups and fused-rings within the asphaltene structure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.558-570
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• 2015

A study on the green ship design for Ultra Large Container Ship (ULCS, 18,000 TEU Class Container Ship) was performed based on the four step procedures of the initial design and hull form optimization to maximize economic and propulsive performance. The first, the design procedure for ULCS was surveyed with economic evaluation considering environmental rules and regulations. The second, the characteristics of single and twin skeg container ships were investigated in view of initial design and performances. The third, the hull form optimization for single and twin skeg ships with the same dimensions was conducted to improve the resistance and propulsive performances at design draught and speed by several variations and the results of the optimization were verified by numerical calculations of CFD and model test. The last, for the estimated operating profile of draught and speed, the hull forms of single and twin sked ships were optimized by CFD. From this study, the methodologies to optimize the hull form of ULCS were proposed with considerations during the green ship design and the improvement of the energy efficiency for the optimized hull forms was confirmed by the proposed formula of the total energy considering design conditions, operating profile and fuel oil consumption.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.79-89
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• 1988

This experiment was carried out to investigate the difference of compositions between petroleum ether extract and its tall oil in Pinus rigida Mill. xylem and to obtain the basic data on effective extraction and its utilization of by-product, resin and fatty acid, when pulp making. After both petroleum ether extract from wood meal and its tall oil in pitch pine were separated to the resin and fatty acid by using DEAE-Sephadex and aluminum oxide column, these were analyzed with gas chromatograph. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Fatty acids contained as ester form in living trees were varied by peroxide of organic solvent in petroleum ehter extraction and cooking chemicals in cooking. 2. Pimaric-type acid was eluted earlier than abietic-type acid in resin acids and the fewer the carbons, the earlier the elution in fatty acids. 3. The retention time of SE-30 column was even smaller than that of OV-101 column but the relative retention time obtained by using methyl pimarate and methyl stearate as internal standard was nearly identical. 4. Both petroleum ether extract and tall oil mainly consisted of resin acids, expecially abietic-type acid. 5. Tall oil had more fatty acid but less resin acid than petroleum ether extract. Also, the content of unidentified materials was increased owing to the isomerization and the shift of double bond position in unsaturated fatty acids by high temperature and cooking chemicals when cooking.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.457-477
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• 2008

The purpose of this experimental study is to analyze the techniques of producing the traditional Korean ink sticks, in order to restore them. The major findings are as follows: (1) Korean traditional ink is a name which people generically calls a block of ink mass made from soots and pine pitch, and it can be classified into pine-pitch ink and oil-pitch ink according to the type of soot. (2) Pine-pitch ink is made from soot of burnt pine trees, and oil-pitch ink is made from soot of burnt plant, animal or mineral oil. Both are mixed with glue made from resin, and hardened into block form. (3) Raw materials of ink include soot, glue made from resin, and spices, and the techniques of making Korean traditional inks were documented in etc. (4) The techniques of making Korean traditional inks have not been handed down, but some craftsmen in modern Korea have restored those traditional techniques.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.834-842
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• 2017

Objective: An experiment was to evaluate the interplay of dietary lipid sources and feeding regime in the transition from sow milk to solid food of abruptly weaned piglets. Methods: Soon after weaning, 144 piglets were selected and were trained over a 15 day period to experience gradually reducing dietary fat content from 12% to 6% for lard (L), soybean oil (S), and coconut oil (C) and their feeding behavior and diet preference then tested in a behavior observation experiment. Another 324 weaned piglets were used in three consecutive feeding experiments to measure the effect of different dietary fats on performance and feed choice in the four weeks after abrupt weaning. The lipid sources were used as supplements in a 3% crude fat corn/soya basal diet, with 6% of each being included to form diets 9C, 9S, and 9L respectively, and their effects on performance measured. Combinations of these diets were then further compared in fixed blends or free choice selection experiments. Results: Piglets pre-trained to experience reducing lipid inclusion showed different subsequent preferences according to lipid source, with a preference for lard at 9%, soybean oil at 3%, and coconut oil at 6% inclusion rate (p<0.001). Following abrupt weaning, whilst after 4 weeks those fed 9C had the heaviest body weights (18.13 kg, p = 0.006). Piglets fed a fixed 1:1 blend of 9C+9S had a poorer feed conversion ratio (FCR = 1.80) than those fed a blend of 9C+9L (FCR = 1.4). The 9C and 9L combination groups showed better performance in both fixed blend and free choice feeding regimes. Conclusion: After abrupt weaning, they still have dependence on high oleic acid lipids as found in sow milk. A feeding regime offering free choice combination of lipids might give the possibility for piglets to cope better with the transition at weaning, but further research is needed.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2014

To development of the low toxic preservatives, we prepared 29 kinds of chemicals using dinotefuran of low toxic insecticide, IPBC and propiconazol of fungicide, and clove oil has fungicidal activity, but is harmless to humans. It was conducted to investigate the inhibitory effectiveness of mycelial growth and anti-mold effectiveness to treated PDA medium and wood specimen with prepared chemicals. It was not showed anti-mold effectiveness that solvent and emulsifier form preservatives. Therefor, we thought that only four component, dinotefuran, IPBC, propiconazol and clove oil, has anti-mold effectiveness. In the PDA medium test, the preservative which has much IPBC showed high anti-mold effectiveness. By the wood specimen test, it was known that many prepared preservatives which showed good inhibitory effectiveness of mycelial growth in the PDA medium test, have not anti-mold effectiveness. Of all prepared preservatives in this study, only three preservatives containing dinotefuran and IPBC, or adding clove oil appeared the excellent anti-mold effectiveness.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2004

Ibuprofen (IBU), is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, removal of fever and mild to moderate pain. Because of small dosage and very low accumulation in the body, IBU has been used to heal children's fever. However, IBU was very low solubility in a low pH and water (in water $0.03{\sim}2.5$ mg/ml). A nanoemulsion containing IBU by means of self-microemulsion drug delver system (SMEDDS) was prepared in order to enhance the solubility of IBU. The SMEDDS was composed of cosurfactant, oil and surfactant The solubility of IBU in various components such as cosurfactant, oil and surfactant was examined. $Carbitol^{\circledR}\;(386.99{\pm}20.5\;mg/ml)$ as a cosurfactant, $Labrafil^{\circledR}$　 M1944CS $(90.16{\pm}1.60mg/ml)$ as an oil and $Cremopher^{\circledR}$　 RH-40 $(239.01{\pm}2.8\;mg/ml)$ as a surfactant were used in this study for preparing SMEDDS. Optimized formulation of SMEDDS was obtained by phase diagram which express the section of nanoemulsion formation. The SMEDDS containing IBU had higher dissolution rate than conventional IBU sirups. Thus the SMEDDS was a potential candidate of stable conventional and effective oral dosage form for IBU.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.324-330
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• 2015

When diagnostic ultrasounds are used, an ultrasonic transmission media is used to effectively transmit the ultrasonic energy. Types of ingredients of polymer hydro gel, emulsion, and oil gel were compared with commercialized products by measuring characteristics of ultrasonic transmission media such as skin lubricity, skin moisturizing, and dryness speed which were contained in each different media. The mean friction coefficient measured to investigate skin lubricity showed high in the agent containing a large amount of oil, whereas the mean friction coefficient of the low viscosity emulsion did not show a significant difference with that of the polymer hydro gel. The moisture evaporation measured to investigate the dryness speed of the agent showed highest in polymer hydro gel. This showed that the larger amount of oil it had, the less moisture evaporation occurred. For skin moisture measured to investigate moisturizing characteristics of skin, low viscosity emulsion showed high in moisture content, whereas it showed slowest reduction in moisture content. As a type of emulsion appropriately containing water and oil is superior in skin moisturizing and skin tenderness, it is expected to serve as a dosage form of new ultrasonic transmission media.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.501-507
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• 2009

Atopic dermatitis is one of the most common skin disease in children and a characteristic chronically recurrent form of dermatitis with a hereditary tendency, affecting infants and may extend to the childhood or th the adult age. Environmental factors, stress, and foodstuffs such as milk, egg may cause atopic dermatitis. Nc/Nga mice were used as an animal model for human atopic dermatitis. The divided by 4group such as normal group, BMAC group, FK506 group, MR group for this study raised in conventional conditions. To investigate effect of Chamomile German on atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice, the serum IgE and IgG1 level were measured while the severity degree of the skin lesion was examined by the naked eyes of two volunteers who were unaware of the treatment status. The results were the followings. 1. The score on the severity degree of skin dermatitis in FK 506 and MR group was lower than that in control group. 2. The serum IgE level in control group was higher 25% than that in normal group. 3. The serum level of IgE in FK506 and MR group compares to control group was decreased. 4. The serum IgG1 level was decreased more than 3.5 times in FK506 compared to control group while MR group had significantly less the serum IgG1 than control group. From the above results, treatment of Chamomile German oil had the effect on atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. If scientific researches on aroma oil are performed in various way, aroma oil will be used to cure skin dermatitis as a alternative therapy in the future.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.222-227
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• 2007

Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters) have used to as substitutes for petro-diesel by mixed-form with petro-diesel. In several processes of biodiesel production, alkali-catalyst transesterification produced to biodiesel of high contents with short reaction time. In this study, we investigate the optimal condition of alkali-catalyst transesterification of rapeseed oil produced at Jeju island in Korea using response surface methodology. The optimal condition of biodiesel production is reaction temperature 59.7$^{\circ}C$, catalyst amount 1.18%, oil to methanol molar ratio 1:8.75, and reaction time 5.18 min. At that reaction condition, the fatty acid methyl ester contents of product are above 97%. Our results may provide useful information with regard to the development of more economic and efficient biodiesel production system.