• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.207-209
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• 1987

A systematic mosquito taxonomic study in Korea was established by Lee in 1971. Since then, many species have been recorded as new to Korea. However, much of this taxonomic information has been distributed in a number of scientific publications. This fork attempts to combine this information into a single document, as well as to synthesize revised taxonomic synonyms of species cccurring in Korea. Four species, Culex vora.x, Culex kangi, Aedes kobayashii and Culiseta kanayamensis listed in our previous paper, are synonyms of Culex kalifaxii, Cutex jackseni, Aedes alehtorowi and Culiseta bergrothi, respectively. Culex annulus is a misidentified species of Culex pseudovishnui. The subspecies Cutes pipiens quinquefassiatus and subgenus Manscnia (Ccquillettidia) were treated as full species and genus respectively in a catalog of the mosquitoes of the world. However, not all current authors agree to those specific and generic treatment. Based on available publications the total number of mosquito species recorded in Korea is now 52 representing 9 genera. Forty-five of these 52 are confirmed species with preserved specimen representation. As collection of specimen continues, there is a possibility that representative of 7 unconfirmed species will be found. 1 hope this paper will provide useful information for entomology workers who are interested in mosquito taxonomy in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1204-1208
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• 2000

Objectives : At the closure of the transsphenoidal approach(TSA), the proper sellar floor reconstruction plays an important role in preventing postoperative complications. The septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of nasal septum, and the sphenoid sinus bone are usually used to repair the sellar floor as a bone splint. The authors evaluate the usefulness of a silicone plate as a substitute for bone splint to close a defect of the sellar floor. Materials and Methods : A silicone plate was used to repair the sellar floor in 7 patients with sellar lesions which included four pituitary adenomas, two Rathke's cleft cysts and one metastatic tumor. Among seven cases, five cases underwent a standard TSAs and two received a extended TSAs. The trajectories of the approach were sublabial in four cases and endonasal routes in three cases. The silicone plate for implantation was cut to a size of slightly larger than that of bone window and inserted with a three-pronged fork, and then adjusted precisely. Results : In six patients, there were no complications which related to sellar floor reconstruction. A postoperative cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) rhinorrhea was observed in one patient with pituitary macroadenoma. Conclusions : From the authors' experience, the advantages of the silicone plate are its simplicity of molding to fit any size of sellar floor defects, and easy detection of previously created bone window at reoperation.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.384-389
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• 2012

As part of our screening of anticariogenic agents from medicinal plants, the ethanol extracts of 25 herbs widely used in the fork medicine were tested for the antimicrobial activity against a cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. The ethanol extracts of Coptis chinensis, Sophora flavescens, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Mentha arvensis, and Saururus chinensis showed antimicrobial activities against S. mutans. The extracts of Coptis chinensis and Sophora flavescens among these medicinal plants showed significant antomicrobial activity against S. mutans. These results suggested that the extracts of Coptis chinensis and Sophora flavescens could be the potential source of antimicrobial agent against S. mutans ATCC 25175.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.33-44
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• 1993

The medicinal plants used traditional medicines are classified into two groups. The first group is formulary medicine which have been recorded on authorized books, for example, kampo drug in Japan. The second group is the fork medicines. These medicinal plants production is 165 billion yen(about 1.5 billion dollar) and which rate to to total pharmaceutical production is about 3% in 1990. The number of important medicinal plants treated in the market is 124 herbs from the total 364 herbs for kampo durgs(210 preparations kampo durgs) and other propritetary drugs (agents for common cold, laxatives, gastrointestional and so on). The production of the Ginseng and Bupleurum Root are increased about ten times in last twelve years(1976 or 1988). The 80% of these medicinal plants are imported from China, Korea and Southern Asian countries. Then the Pharmaceutical Affairs Bureau of Ministry of Health and Welfare published "The Guideline of Medicinal Plant for Cultivation" for a quality control and a stabilization supply of 80 herbs. The first part(1992) of the guideline reported 5 herbs; Coptis Rhizome, Rehmannia Root, Bupleur, Root, Japanese Angelica Root and Rhubarb, The next part will be published following 5herbs; Cnidium Rhizome, Safflower, Coix seed and Fruiet, Platicodon Root and Zedoary.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1580-1584
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• 2004

On the basis of the widely collected fork prescriptions, long clinical practice of himself, together with integration of all the good points of earlier medical specialists, 孫思邈 wrote 『千金方』 of thirty volumes. Among them Volumes 『食治』 (Food Therapy) and 『養性』(Cultivating the Character) are especially meaningful for in gerontology. Thirty years after its completion, as a supplement, he wrote another thirty volumes of 『千金翼方』. Mr. Sun integrated his discoveries in the treatments of the aged patients, and his opinions for longevity into the Volumes 『養性』 (Cultivating the Character), 『?穀』(Fasting), 『退居』(Retirement), 『補益』(Supplementation). Thus he laid down the basic foundation for the gerontology of Chinese medicine. 『千金要方』 and 『千金翼方』 by Mr. Sun discuss mainly the prevention of illness for aged patients. As for the function of food therapy, he explains: 'Food can dispel evil elements of the body and settle down its organs. It can further bring pleasure to man's spirit and help the circulation of blood and breath.' He then propose the major method of food therapy: 'For a medical doctor, he should understand the causes of disease, then treat it with food. Only after the food treatment fails, medicine is employed.' He thinks that medicine does work in treatment, but it also creates imbalance in the body, and makes the latter vulnerable to outside harms. Therefore, a good doctor is the one who cures the disease and bring pleasure to the patient with food. He stresses that food therapy is always a priority. Mr. Sun prefers animal's organs in the food therapy for aged. For example, he uses powder of sheep's kidney to treat the lumbago. He suggests the viewpoint of 'Curing man's organs with animal's organs' and 'Strengthening man's organs with animal's organs,' and sets the theoretical foundation of 'Organic Treatment.' Mr. Sun's gerontology and food therapy received further development latter. The prescriptions contained therein had been widely used in 王懷隱's 『太平聖惠方』 and 陳直's 『養老奉親書』, both in the Song Dynasty. Eventually they had become a science of food therapy for aged patients.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.175-186
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• 1991

The purpose of this study is to provide useful information which will aid in the promotion of nutritional policy in the Korean rural area which are derived from a survey of intake and source of protein in some Korean rural adults and the correlations between their protein nutrition and various nutrients, the uses of tobacco, alcohol, coffee, etc. The survey was conducted from July, 24 through July, 18, 1989. The healthy subjects were 45 males(average age 42.3, average BMI 22.1kg/m2) and 55 females (44 years, 21.2 kg/m2) residing in Sungjoo Kyun, Chulanam-Do, Korea. The subjects were examined for the anthropometric, food Intake and food habits. Their daily diets were measured by 24-hr recall method. The results can be summarized as follows : The daily mean protein intakes of male and female subjects were 9595 of RDA(66, 5g) (16. 7% of total food intake per day) and 102.3Bh of RDA(61g) (14.8% of total intake per day) respectively. The order of sources of animal protein in all subjects was fish(47.9%), meat(29.8%), milk (12%), and egg(10.3%). Among protein sources the intake frequencies of fork and chicken were higher than those of others. The protein nutrition of the subjects showed positive correlations with energy and fat, carbohydrate, fiber at the level of significance of 1%. The protein nutrition of the male subjects showed no correlation with age, BMI, uses of alcohol, coffee, medicine, but the plant protein nutrition showed a positive correlation with smoking and exercise(at 5%). And the protein nutrition of the male subjects showed no correlations with uses of tobacco, alcohol, coffee, medicine and their opinion of their present state of their health, but the age of the male subjects showed negative correlations with milk(at 1%) and egg(at 5%). In conclusion, the daily protein Intake was good and the main sources of animal protein were fishes in rural adults. The protein nutrition of the subjects showed a correlation with energy, fat, carbohydrate and in the case of female, milk and egg intakes showed the negative correlation with age.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.50-54
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• 2003

Polygonum cuspidatum has been used as a fork medicine for a long time. Emodin was purified from the root of P. cuspidatum by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and preparative high perfomance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The effects of emodin on the migration of endothelial cells and in vitro angiogenesis stimulated with vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) were examined, using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and porcine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PPAECs). Emodin potently inhibited the VEGF-induced migration of (HUVECs) at relatively low cocentrations $(0.1-10\;{\mu}g/ml)$; the inhibition of endothelial cells by emodin was 75.4% at $0.1\;{\mu}g/ml$ and about 90% at $1\;{\mu}g/ml$. Emodin also inhibited VEGF-induced sprout formation in vitro at concentrations of $0.1-10\;{\mu}g/ml$. Emodin was also evaluated for the inhibitory potential on in vivo angiogenesis in a growing chick embryo chorioallantoic membranes (CAM). At a concentration of $1.0\;{\mu}g/ml$ Per disc, emodin was able to induce avacular zone in the CAMs. These findings suggest that emodin is a potent angiogenesis inhibitor and P. cuspidatum is a useful herb in the development of therapeutics for angiogenesis dependent diseases.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.81-97
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• 2000

Objectives: This experimental study was carried out to evaluate the effects of aqueous and methanol extracts of Hedyotis diffusa which has long been used for cancer treatment in oriental medicines on the induction of apoptotic cell death in human lymphoid leukemia cell line, HL-60. Methods: Cells were treated with various concentrations (200 to $0.4{\mu}g$) and periods (6 to 30 hr) of $H_2O$ and methanol extracts of Hedyotis diffusa. Then, cells were tested for viability by MTT assay. Cells wrere treated with $200{\mu}g/ml$ of methanol extract fork various periods. Genomic DNA was isolated, separated, on 1.5% agarose gels, stained with ethidium bromide and visualized under UV light. Cells were treated with $200{\mu}g/ml$ of each extract for 16 hr. Then, cells were treated with Hoechst dye 33342 and observed by fluorescence microscopy. Cells were treated with various doses of each for 12 hr and $100{\mu}g/ml$ of methanol extract for various periods. Lysate from the cells used to measure the activity of Caspase-1 and-3 proteases by using fluorogenic peptide substrates including acetyl-YVAD-AMC and acetyl-DEVD-AMC, respectively. Cells were treated with $200{\mu}g/ml$ of each extract for various periods. Cell lysates were immunoprecipated with anti-JNKl antibodies. The immune complex was reacted with $32^p-ATP$ and c-Jun as a substrate. The phosphotransferase activity of JNKI was measured by using PhosphoImage analyzer (Fuji Co., Japan). Nuclear extracts were isolated and incubated with oligonucleotide probe of $NF-{\kappa}B$. Transcriptional activation of ${\kappa}B$ was measured by using EMSA and visualized by PhosphoImage analyzer (Fuji Co, Japan). Cell lysates were prepared and analyzed by Western blotting with anti-Bc12 antibodies and anti-Bax antibodies. Cells were pretreated with various doses of methanol extract for 2 hr. Then, the extract was removed by centrifugation. Cells were resuspended with RPMI-1640 media containing 0.3% agarose, 10% FBS, overlayred onto bottom layer agarose and incubated at $CO_2$ incubator for 6 days. The number of colony was counted under light microscopy ($\time100$). Results: The death of HL-60 cells was markedly induced by the addition of methanol extract of Hedyotis diffusa in a dose and time-dependent manners. The apoptotic characteristic ladder pattern of DNA strand break was observed in death of HL-60 cells. In addition, it was shown nucleus chromatin condensation and fragmentation under Hoechst staining. Therefore, Hedyotis diffusa extract-induced death of HL-60 cells is mediated by apoptotic signaling processes. The activity of Caspase 3-like proteases remained in a basal level in HL-60 cells treated with aqueous extract of Hedyotis diffusa. However, it was markedly increased in HL-60 cells treated with methanol extract of Hedyotis diffusa. In addition, the phosphotransferase activity of JNKl was increased in HL-60 cells treated with methanol extract of Hedyotis diffusa. Furthermore, the activation of transcriptional activator, $NF-{\kappa}B$ was markedly induced by methanol extract of Hedyotis diffusa. Anti-apoptotic Bc12 was cleaved into 23Kda fragment by treatment of methanol extract of Hedyotis diffusa. However, expression of proapoptotic Bax protein was increased by treatment of methanol extract of Hedyotis diffusa in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, methanol extract markedly inhibited the colony forming efficiency of HL-60 cells in semisolid agar culture. Conclusions: Above results suggest that methanol extract of Hedyotis diffusa induces the apoptotic death of human leukemic HL-60 cells via activations of Caspase-3 proteases, JNKI, transcriptional activator $NF-{\kappa}B$, In addition, our results also suggest that methanol extract of Hedyotis diffusa reduces the malignant potential of HL-60 cells via down regulation of colony forming effciency through cleavage of Bc12 as well as induction of Bax.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2007

The term, "food safety", has traditionally been viewed as a practical science aimed at assuring the prevention acute illnesses caused by biological microorganisms, and only to a minor extent, chronic diseases cause by chronic low level exposures to natural and synthetic chemicals or pollutants. "food safety" meant to prevent microbiological agents/toxins in/on foods, due to contamination any where from "farm to Fork", from causing acute health effects, especially to the young, immune-compromised, genetically-predisposed and elderly. However, today a broader view must also include the fact that diet, perse (nutrients, vitamins/minerals, calories), as well as low level toxins and pollutant or supplemented synthetic chemicals, can alter gene expressions of stem/progenitor/terminally-differentiated cells, leading to chronic inflammation and other mal-functions that could lead to diseases such as cancer, diabetes, atherogenesis and possibly reproductive and neurological disorders. Understanding of the mechanisms by which natural or synthetic chemical toxins/toxicants, in/on food, interact with the pathogenesis of acute and chronic diseases, should lead to a "systems" approach to "food safety". Clearly, the interactions of diet/food with the genetic background, gender, and developmental state of the individual, together with (a) interactions of other endogenous/exogenous chemicals/drugs; (b) the specific biology of the cells being affected; (c) the mechanisms by which the presence or absence of toxins/toxicants and nutrients work to cause toxicities; and (d) how those mechanisms affect the pathogenesis of acute and/or chronic diseases, must be integrated into a "system" approach. Mechanisms of how toxins/toxicants cause cellular toxicities, such as mutagenesis; cytotoxicity and altered gene expression, must take into account (a) irreversible or reversal changes caused by these toxins or toxicants; (b)concepts of thresholds or no-thresholds of action; and (c) concepts of differential effects on stem cells, progenitor cells and terminally differentiated cells in different organs. This brief Commentary tries to illustrate this complex interaction between what is on/in foods with one disease, namely cancer. Since the understanding of cancer, while still incomplete, can shed light on the multiple ways that toxins/toxicants, as well as dietary modulation of nutrients/vitamins/metals/ calories, can either enhance or reduce the risk to cancer. In particular, diets that alter the embryo-fetal micro-environment might dramatically alter disease formation later in life. In effect "food safety" can not be assessed without understanding how food could be 'toxic', or how that mechanism of toxicity interacts with the pathogenesis of any disease.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1081-1090
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• 2015

Diabetes has been one of major health risks in industrialized countries. Allium hookeri is a wild herb distributed in India and Myanmar. The root of the plant has been used as food and medicine in Southeast Asia. We investigated Allium hookeri extract improves type 2 diabetes mellitus in C57BL/KSJ db/db obese mouse. C57BL/KSJ db/db obese mouse arise out of Type 2 diabetes and we treated Allium hookeri methanol extract 400 mg/kg (AH 400), 800 mg/kg (AH 800), positive control group (thiazolidinedine;TZDs) were administered orally for 8weeks. AH treated group normalized lipid enzyme system (triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol) and serum glucose, HbA1c and plasma insulin level. AH treated group recovered β-cell damage by hyperglycemia and fatty liver disease. AH treated group significantly up regulated expression of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase4 (PDK4), Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP 1) and fork head box O1 (FOX 01) proteins in C57BL/KSJ db/db obese mouse liver. And we found that AH treated group decreased hepatic malondialdehyde formation in C57BL/KSJ db/db obese mouse liver. These results indicate that Allium hookeri methanol extract might be a potential anti-diabetic agent and could be useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.