• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.209-223
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• 2007

Twenty-four wetlands located in Higashi-Hiroshima City in West Japan were selected for this study in order to investigate both the relationship between aquatic plant composition and environmental conditions; and the relationship between changing land use patterns in the catchments and the concentration of different forms of nitrogen in the wetlands. The dominant and subdominant species which comprised the principal vegetation were determined based on a vegetation census conducted in each wetland during the growing season from June to August, 2006. The seasonal variations of water quality factors (pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solid, and temperature) and different forms of nitrogen such as nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, total nitrogen, dissolved organic nitrogen and dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations were analyzed as important indicators of water quality for the surface water of the wetlands. The surveyed wetlands were classified into three types (non-disturbed wetlands, moderately-disturbed wetlands and highly-disturbed wetlands), based on the degree of human disturbance to their catchment areas. An analysis of variance indicated that there was a significant difference among the wetland groups in the annual mean values of electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total nitrogen, nitrite, dissolved inorganic nitrogen and dissolved organic nitrogen. Classification of the wetlands into three groups has revealed a pattern of changes in the composition of plant species in the wetlands and a pattern of changes in nitrogen concentrations. A majority of the non-disturbed wetlands were characterized by Brasenia schrebi and Trapa bispinosa as dominant; with Potamogeton fryeri and Iris pesudacorus as sub-dominant species. For most of the moderately-disturbed wetlands, Brasenia schrebi were shown to be a dominant species; Elocheriss kuriguwai and Phragmites australis were observed as sub-dominant species. For a majority of the highly-disturbed wetlands, Typha latifolia and T. angustifolia were observed as dominant species, and Nymphea tetragona as the sub-dominant species in the study area. An analysis of land use and water quality factors indicated that forest area played a considerable role in reducing the concentration of nutrients, and can act as a sink for surface/subsurface nutrient inputs flowing into wetland water, anchor the soil, and lower erosion rates into wetlands.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.61-72
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• 2015

This study was reviewed the national greenhouse gas inventory report (NIR) of Annex I countries and estimated national greenhouse gas inventory on wetlands in Korea. Annex I countries submitted National Inventory Report which are focused on land converted to wetlands category and wetland remaining wetland (mainly peat lands) because IPCC did not suggest a formal methodology on flooded land. So we conducted a study on estimating of national greenhouse gas inventory in wetland (flooded land). The total annual $CO_2-eq.$ emission of wetland remaining wetland (flooded land) was ranged from 99.9 Gg $CO_2-eq.$ to 237.1 Gg $CO_2-eq.$ from 1990 to 2012. The $CO_2-eq.$ emissions was declined after peaking in 1995, however, it slightly increasing in recently years. The latest total $CO_2-eq.$ emission from flooded land was 117.7 Gg $CO_2-eq.$ in 2012 which was covered only 0.00002% of national GHG inventory. This means that flooded land is not key-category in Korea. We will consider an improvement for emissions of flooded land, if IPCC suggest formal or complementary methodology.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.11-25
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• 2001

A wetland is an ecosystem which is the most useful and highly-energetic transition area. This study has been carried out to classify and identify the various types of wetlands in Korea. The main objective of this study are 1) defining and classifying of wetlands, and 2) identifying the wetlands characteristics, and 3) studying cases on the natural wetlands such as Han river, DMZ(Demillitarized Zone), Upo wetland and Yong(Dragon) wetland. The results as follows： 1) Development of the indices for identifying and classifying wetlands in encompassing in such as Ramsar Conference, US NWI(National Wetlands Inventory), Hydrogeomorphic system. 2) Development on the classifying method on the wetlands in the level of supersystem, system, subsystem, class and subclass. The systems include Palustrine and Riverine, and the subsystems are Seasonal, Permanent(Palustrine) and Impersistent, Lower perennial, Impersistent (Riverine). 3) Finally, we find out Young wetland is Palustrine/Permanent/Slope/Persistent, and Upo wetland consists of various types of wetlands, those are, Palustrine/Permanent/Depression/Forest Deciduous, Palustrine/Permanent/Depression/Shrub Deciduous, Palustrine/Permanent/Depression/Persistent, Palustrine /Permanent/Depression/Hydrophytes, and Lacustrine/Permanent/Openwater/Hydrophytes. The taxonomy of this study stems from identifying and classifying wetlands with indices mainly based on hydrologic features and substrates. So, it is needed that consequent studies are to be performed with various viewpoints. And the studying cases were limited because of the restricted entrance into the DMZ, And, we selected only 10 crucial sites in Han river as the subject for wetlands regulation and creation. And, for advanced studies, drawing up inventory and mapping are necessary.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.91-103
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• 2021

We conducted an analysis of agroforestry system efficiency to conserve biodiversity in the Mbalmayo Forest Reserve (MFR) between March 2018 and June 2018. A synthesis of forest fragmentation data observed on multiple strata and scale satellite imageries over 31 years, between 1987 and 2018 as well as, the use of both a floristic and a faunal surveys, revealed that although 29.28% of natural forests was fragmented and converted to agroforests landscapes, banana and cocoa based agroforest appeared to perform the most relevant records in carbon storage and to attract wild terrestrial and avifauna. Analysis of NDVI, NDWI and Iron Oxyde helped monitor the vegetation cover of the reserve, and differentiate natural and fragmented classes, majority of conserved forest wetlands and agroforestry systems, and a minority of natural dryland forest. Further analysis also revealed significant correlations between NDVI and Shannon Index, and between NDVI and carbon stock. Based on the NDVI value and the equation Y=3.827×X-1.587 (where Y for the carbon stocks and X for NDVI value), we estimated the total carbon stock of the forest reserve at about 99557.6 tonnes, and its mean value at about 8.491 tons/ha. Nevertheless, environmental efforts to sustainably manage agroforestry landscape appear to be a relevant key to conserve wild biodiversity and mitigate climate change at the level of the Mbalmayo Forest Reserve. If anthropogenic activities have deeply changed the reserve's natural landscape, reduced its carbon sequestration performance, and wildlife conservation status, forest wetlands appear to remain its most conserved places and the best refuge for wild fauna still occurring in diverse strata of the MFR.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.161-169
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• 2007

대기 중 이산화탄소 농도 및 온도 증가와 강수 패턴 변화에 따른 가뭄 정도 및 횟수의 변화는 습지에서 발생하는 온실가스의 양에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 습지에 존재하는 다양한 미생물 군집(탈질세균 및 메탄생성세균) 이 온실가스 생성에 있어 중요한 역할을 감당한다. 본 논문은 지금까지 전지구적 기후변화가 습지에서의 온실가스 발생과 관련 미생물 군집에 미치는 영향에 관한 다양한 연구를 정리하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 대기 중 이산화탄소 농도와 기온 증가는 일반적으로 온실가스 생성을 증가시켰다. 반면, 가뭄의 영향은 기체 종류와 가뭄 정도에 따라 다양한 결과가 보고되었다. 기후변화에 따른 미생물 군집의 변화는 습지시스템에서 보고된 연구의 부족으로 인해 특정한 결론을 도출할 수 없었다. 본 총설은 습지에서 미생물을 매개로 한 반응을 연구함에 있어 관련 미생물 군집구조의 특성을 파악하고, 다양한 환경인자에 대한 그들의 반응을 알아내는 것과 미생물 반응과 군집구조간의 상관 관계를 도출하는 것의 중요성을 제안한다. 이는 향후 전지구적 기후 변화가 습지의 생태학적 기능에 미칠 영향을 더 잘 이해하고 예측하는데 있어 매우 중요할 것이라 사료된다.

• 환경생물
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

Small wetlands in an upland matrix can support diverse vegetation composition that increase both local and regional species richness. In this study we characterize the full range of wetland vegetation in an upland forest landscape at Dumyeong-ri, Gijang-gun, Busan. This wetland index can be calculated with species data, or with community type data as performed. Classified community types were used to describe vegetation at three wetlands and adjacent areas. The communities contained 28 species of vascular plants and 28 species were identified four plant community types. The Pinus densiflora type was dominated by Pinus densiflora and contained only four species. None of the plots had high proportion of standing water. The Carpinus laxiflora type had high obligate upland species (OU) and facultative upland species (FU). The Rhododendron mucronulatum type grew in over half of the plots included Pinus densiflora and Alnus japonica. Some species bother swampy areas adjacent to site C. The Miscanthus sacchariflorus type consisted of seasonal wetlands. The three sites contained nine species with the strongest indicator species being Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, Miscanthus sinensis, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Sagittaria aginashi. This type had the highest proportions of obligate wetland species. Plant species richness averaged 5.069. Shannon-Weaver index of diversity also varied among the community types (F=22.7, df=4, 115), with the types FU having significantly higher value (2.746) than the others (1.057 for type FW and 1.600 for type OU). Regional plans including all of the diverse types of wetland vegetation in upland forests will contribute substantially to the conservation of plant diversity.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.335-352
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 동해시에 분포하는 7개 습지에 대해 수질과 야생동식물의 분포를 조사하고 분석하였다. 조사결과, 대부분 습지의 수질은 오염물질의 외부유입에 의해 부영양화 상태로 나타났다. 식물은 총 234분류군으로 69과 168속 207종 24변종 3품종이었으며, 이 중 습생식물은 18종, 수생식물은 43종으로 나타났다. 산림청 지정 희귀 멸종위기식물 2종, 귀화 식물은 27종이 확인되었으며, 도시화 지수와 귀화율은 각각 8.4%, 11.6%로 나타났다. 저서성 대형무척추동물은 총 3문 5강 12목 26과 35종이 확인되었고, 희귀종은 3종이 발견되었다. 어류는 총 5과 5종이 서식하였고, 멸종위기 야생생물에 II급 1종이 발견되었다. 대부분의 습지는 그 면적이 비교적 작고, 일부 습지는 산림 및 하천의 원거리에 고립되어 분포하는 등 외부종의 유입 및 유출의 제한이 있었다. 하지만, 특정 종을 포함한 다양한 동식물의 서식이 확인되었으며, 향후 습지 유지 및 기능 제고를 위한 대책이 요구되었다.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.201-212
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• 2021

내륙습지에서 생태적, 환경적으로 중요한 역할을 하고 생태복원의 주요 재료가 되는 버드나무림에 대한 식물사회학적 연구가 수행되었다. 습지보호지역에 발달하는 버드나무림을 대상으로 Z.-M.(Zürich-Montpellier)학파의 방법에 따라 총 61개의 식생자료가 수집되었고 식물군락과 종조성적 특성이 밝혀졌다. 총 237분류군을 포함한 9개의 식물군락이 구분되었다. 높은 상대기여도(r-NCD) 값을 나타내는 버드나무류는 키버들, 왕버들, 선버들, 갯버들, 버드나무로 확인되었다. 종조성 분석결과, 벼과, 국화과, 미나리과, 마디풀과, 콩과 순으로 출현빈도가 높게 나타났으며, 생활형은 일년생식물(휴면형), 단립식물(지하기관형), 중력산포형(산포방법), 직립형(생육형)을 가지는 식물종의 출현율이 높아 Th-R₅-D₄-e로 특징지어졌다. 귀화식물은 12과 24종, 생태계교란 생물은 3과 4종이 관찰되었으며, 귀화율은 10.1%, 교란지수는 41.4%로 분석되었다. NMDS 서열법(non-metric multidimensional scaling)에 의한 식물종과 조사지점 간의 경향성 분석 결과, 조사지점의 해발고도와 습지의 유형이 식물군락의 공간적 분포를 결정하는 주요한 요소인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 비교적 해발고도가 높은 산지형 습지에서 다양성 지수와 균등도 지수가 높게 나타났으며, 해발고도가 낮은 하천형과 호수형 습지에서는 교란지수, 귀화율, 일년생식물 출현비율이 높았다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2006

As the imports of foreign agricultural products are liberalized and the consumption of agricultural products declines, abandoned rice paddy fields continues to rise. However, such abandoned rice paddy fields has not been precisely surveyed yet. In this backdrop, a necessity to develop technology to utilize such abandoned rice paddy fields has emerged. Utilization of abandoned rice paddy fields as wetlands may be a good example. This study aimed to survey the current status and characteristics of wetlands created within abandoned rice paddy fields by selecting abandoned rice paddy fields throughout the nation and conducting field surveys on the sites that had transformed into wetlands. The abandoned rice paddy fields almost transformed into wetland and the types of wetlands transformed from abandoned rice paddy fields were mainly Inland/Moutain/Depression/Abandoned rice paddy fields/Marsh/Phragmites communis community and Inland/Moutain/Depression/Abandoned rice paddy fields/Swamp/Salix koreensis community. Abandoned rice paddy fields that had transformed into wetlands was depending heavily on waterways for water supply than other reservoirs and lakes do. Abandoned rice paddy fields transformed into wetlands was most observed in mountainous area. Abandoned rice paddy fields are because agricultural land is no longer profitable due to international and social changes and is not cultivated as government policy. Wetland period and dimension originated from abandoned rice paddy fields are very various and its surrounding land its mostly forest and the next largest follow roads and rural community. The abandoned rice paddy fields transformed into wetlands is mostly deserted currently. Despite their value as wetlands, no restoration and utilization efforts are made in Korea today. Therefore, it is imperative to conduct a precise current status survey on these areas and introduce management and restoration plans at the government level in the case of important habitats.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.12-23
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• 2019

본 연구의 목적은 경기도 수원 영흥공원을 대상지로 도시 산림공원의 자연자원을 활용한 자연체험기회를 제공하고, 자연환경의 중요성을 인식할 수 있는 체험형 자연교육 프로그램을 개발·연구하고자 하였다. 연구대상지는 도시 산림 보전과 지속가능한 이용이 공존하는 교육의 장소가 될 잠재성을 가지고 있는 수원 영흥공원으로 한정하였다. 수원 영흥공원의 기반환경과 동·식물생태를 조사·분석후 도출된 자연교육 자원을 체계화하여 프로그램 목표와 방향 및 주제를 설정하였다. 수원 영흥공원은 물이 풍부한 산림으로 계곡부 주변에 논경작지와 묵논습지 및 둠벙 등 습지 생태계를 이루고 있다. 산책로는 U자형 능선을 따라 완만하게 형성되었고, 수원시가 지정한 팔색로 중 도란길이 포함된다. 토양은 도시의 대기오염과 산성비로 인해 식물 생장에 좋지 않은 pH 4.40의 산성토양이다. 토지이용 및 현존식생조사에서 인공림, 자연림, 경작지가 대부분이며, 인공림에서는 아까시나무림, 자연림에서는 상수리나무군락, 경작지에서는 밭과 다랭이논이 분포하였다. 산림식생중 아까시나무림은 쇠퇴하고 갈참나무군락으로 천이가 진행 중이며, 도시환경 적응성이 강한 때죽나무, 팥배나무 등이 생육하였다. 큰나무는 13종 180주로 흉고직경이 109cm으로 가장 큰 은사시나무, 105주의 상수리나무 대경목이 분포하고 있어 동물이 서식하기 위한 먹이, 은신처를 제공하고 있다. 야생조류는 산림에서 사는 산새류가 22종, 논습지를 이용하는 물새류 6종이 서식하였고, 양서류는 4종, 파충류는 2종이 서식하였다. 천연기념물 제327호 원앙, 멸종위기 야생생물II급인 맹꽁이도 논습지에서 관찰되었다. 그 외 지표 잠자리류 8종, 나비류 3종을 관찰하였다. 수원 영흥공원 숲 생태계 구성원과 특성을 담은 자원을 5가지 기준으로 체계화하여 수원 영흥공원의 도시숲생태계를 이해하고, 친밀감을 가지며, 자신과 공동체, 사회와의 관계성을 인식을 위한 목표로 체험형 자연교육 프로그램을 제시하였다. 그러나 다양한 연령과 계층에 특성화된 프로그램에 대한 연구의 한계가 있어 차후 연구가 필요하다.