• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.117-129
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• 2017

This research was conducted to construct a tree belt around Saemangeum reclaimed land using various planting methods and to analyze initial growth amount, to provide practical data to construct tree belt of various purposes. Tree species used in tree belt construction were Pinus thunbergii and Quercus serrata, and the main planting treatment methods used were categorized by existence of windy fence, mixed planting, and un-mixed planting. Growth amount analysis was conducted using ANOVA to compare growth amounts in different experimental groups and Duncan's multiple range test. Growth amount analysis results of tree belt by planting method showed that it is most statistically plausible to install 50% porous windy fence from the direction of wind and frost, followed by planting P. thunbergii and Q. serrata in areas that require mixed tree species tree belt around Saemangeum reclaimed land. In areas where un-mixed planting tree belt is required, it was appropriate to use P. thunbergii alone without a windy fence. Lastly, if the purpose of the tree belt is limited to rapid growth, it was most ideal to plant P. thunbergii alone (without windy fence) or install 50% porous windy fence from the direction of wind and frost, followed by planting P. thunbergii and Q. serrata. This research is based on initial growth amount of tree belt and there is a need for a long-term monitoring of tree belt growth to increase tree-planting success rate in establishing tree belt according to Saemangeum internal development.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.113-116
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• 2010

The Acacia seyal Del. var. seyal belongs to family Mimosaceae is known locally as gum Talha tree. It is a multipurpose tree species occurs throughout the African gum belt in Savannah mostly in pure forest. In Sudan it thrives on heavy clay soils that receive an annual rainfall between 400-800 mm. It is an important source of rural energy (fuelwood and charcoal) and forage. As mentioned by Nair (2007) the economic damage causes by insect in natural forest often difficult to judge due to no enough research attention The tree is frequently affected by biotic factors among them the insect pests. During a survey in the 1980's the tree was severely infested by the longhorned beetles (Cerambycidae) severely infesting other Acacia species, but the ecological data are overlooked. Therefore, the objective of the study was to assess infestation characteristics and to determine environmental factors triggering the attack of longhorned beetles. A temporary random sampling technique was applied to observe the damage characteristics of the longhorned beetles on tree species during May-July 2007. Five sample plots occupies by A. seyal were taken in Kordofan region directly observed for the presence of hole of emergence of the longhorned beetles, presence of dusts, presence of insect stages, girdling as well as other characteristics of damage. The study results indicate that the infestation rate of trees in the sampled sites ranged between zero and 23.08%. Further ecological researches are recommended.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.457-464
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• 2003

지리산국립공원 상부운 계곡부(725~1,090m)의 해발고와 사면부위에 따른 산림군집구조를 파악하기 위하여 해발고와 사면부위에 따라 48개 조사구를 설정하여 교목층과 아교목충을 대상으로 조사하였다. 계곡 하부에서 상부로 갈수록 교목층의 밀도는 감소하는 반면, 평균 수고, 흉고직경, 흉고단면적은 증가하였다. 이러한 경향은 계곡 하부에 인간의 간섭이 비교적 심하기 때문인 것으로 추정되었다. 해발고가 높아짐에 따라 상대중요치가 증가하는 경향을 보이는 수종은 물푸레나무, 굴참나무, 신갈나무 등이었으며, 감소하는 경향을 보이는 수종은 때죽나무, 서어나무, 소나무 등이었다. 사면하부에서 상부로 갈수록 상대중요치가 증가하는 경향을 보이는 수종은 굴참나무, 소나무 등이었으며, 감소하는 경향을 보이는 수종은 고로쇠나무. 개암나무 등이었다 계곡정부를 포함한 해발고대별 종다양도의 범위는 0.571~l.194이었으며, 해발고가 높아짐에 따라 종다양도는 감소하는 경향이었다. 해발고가 높아짐에 따라 종다양도가 감소하는 것은 종수와 균재도가 모두 감소하기 때문이었다. 사면부위별 종다양도는 1.172~1.285이었으며 , 사면 하부에서 중, 상부로 갈수록 종수와 종다양도가 감소하였다. 수종별 상대중요치에 의한 Cluster분석 결과 계곡하부의 사면 하부와 계곡중부의 사면 상, 중, 하부 및 계곡상부의 사면중, 상부에 위치하는 졸참나무-낙엽활엽수군집, 계곡하부의 사면 중. 상부에 위치하는 소나무-졸참나무군집, 계곡상부의 사면하부와 계곡정부에 위하는 신갈나무-낙엽활엽수군집 등 3개 유형의 군집으로 구분되었다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.98-105
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• 2009

The objective of this study is to develop numerical simulation model for analysing the wind speed reduction effect by coastal forest belts. The horizontally homogeneous turbulent flow equations, which are derived from the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes method, both above the tree canopy and within the canopy were first formulated, and a first-order closure scheme with the capability of accounting the bulk momentum transport term within the canopy was employed. The averaged equations were solved numerically by finite difference method, FTCS (forward time centered space) scheme. The proposed model was also used to numerically investigate the effects of structural characteristic of forest belt on the wind speed. The effects of maximum leaf area density were evaluated, with the leaf area density of $1.0m^2/m^3$, $2.0m^2/m^3$, $3.0m^2/m^3$, and $4.0m^2/m^3$. Vertical distributions of leaf area, both uniform and varied distribution with a height, were also considered. A comparison of wind profile indicated that there was in good agreements between simulated and measured wind speed. Also, the results showed horizontal wind speed decreased under a height of the tree with increasing maximum leaf area density. In conclusion, in applications where computational efficiency and simplicity are desirable, the proposed numerical model has of great capability to determine the vertical turbulent momentum transport and wind profile in the costal forest belt.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.93-102
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• 2016

An invasive disturbance species has caused harm to biodiversity and ecosystem. To address the issue, identifying the characteristics of a habitat for invasive disturbance species is considered for forest management. This study analyzed a status of plant species by field survey based on belt transect method in the capital areas and established a predictive model for invasive disturbance species by logistic regression. As results of the study, the number of herb, vine, and invasive disturbance species and a canopy cover of tree would decrease from the forest edge to core areas (p<0.001). The predictive model was derived with variables of altitude, Topographic Wetness Index, distance to forest edge, and canopy cover of tree. It can be useful in estimating the presence or absence of species and predicting its spatial distribution. Further studies are needed to identify the pathway of introduction, spread, and possibility of germination for understanding the status of invasive disturbance species in more depth.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.212-218
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• 2016

The research was conducted windward of an irrigated Acacia amplicips Maslin windbreak established to protect As Salam Cement Plant from winds and moving sands. Two belts with approximate optical porosities of 50% and 20% were studied in River Nile State, Sudan. The research aimed at assessing the efficiency of the two belts in wind speed reduction and sand deposition. Research methods included: (i) estimation of optical porosity, (ii) measurements of windward wind speeds at a control and at distances of 0.5 h (h stands for windbreak height), 1 h and 2 h at two vertical levels of 0.25 h and 0.5 h, (iii) estimation of relative wind speeds at the three positions (distance and height) at windward and (iv) estimation of wind erosive forces and prediction of zones of sand deposition. Results show that while the two belts reduced windward wind speeds at the two levels for the three distances, belt II was more effective. Nearest sand deposition occurred at 2 h and 1h windward of belt II and belt I, respectively, at level 0.25 h. At level 0.5 h, sand was deposited only at 2 h windward of belt II and no sand deposition occurred windward of belt I. The study concludes that less porous windbreaks are more effective in reducing wind speed and in depositing sand in windward direction at a distance of not less than twice the belt height.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.181-186
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• 1994

덕유산지역 신대휴게소-지봉 계곡부(해발 750~1,247m)의 해발고와 사면부위에 따른 삼림구조를 조사하기 위하여 해발고와 사면부위에 따라 48개 조사구를 설치ㆍ조사하였다. 해발고가 높아질수록 교목층 밀도는 감소하는 반면 평균흉고직경은 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 해발고가 높아짐에 따라 중요치가 증가하는 경향을 보이는 수종은 신갈나무, 고로쇠나무, 들메나무 등이었으며 감소하는 수종은 졸참나무, 박달나무 등이었고, 사면하부에서 상부로 갈수록 중요치가 증가하는 수종은 신갈나무, 노린재나무 등이었으며 감소하는 수종은 층층나무, 들메나무 등이었다. 해발고가 높아질수록 종수, 종다양도, 균재도는 모두 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 정부를 제외한 해발고대간 유사도지수는 55.3~67.1%, 사면부위별 유사도지수는 36.8~71.7%로써 해발고보다 사면부위에 따른 종구성 상태의 차이가 심한 것으로 나타났다. 수종별 중요치에 의하여 cluster 분석한 결과 계곡하부 사면하부의 졸참나무군집, 계곡하부 사면중ㆍ상부의 신갈나무-졸참나무군집. 계곡중ㆍ상부의 신갈나무-활엽수군집, 계곡정부의 신갈나무-철쭉꽃군집으로 구분되었다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.89-97
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• 1995

In order to study the successional trend and the heterogeneity of forest community, we investigated DBH frequency distribution of dominant tree species and the changes of several community indicies including ${\beta}-diversity\;({\beta}_t)$ along a belt transect in Mt. Yongam, Kwangnung Experimental Forest, which has been preserved for about 530 years. Quercus serrata, Carpinus laxiflora, and C. cordata were the three dominant species and their DBH frequency distribution showed a reverse J-shaped form, so these species seem to maintain by themselves. Dominancediversity curve had a lognormal distribution. d and H'for pooled quadrats were 0.13 and 1.09, respectively, but these indices within each quadiat varied with the range of 0.13 to 0.57 and 0.5 to 1.09, respectively. The value of ${\beta}_t$ along the belt transect ranged from 0.14 to 0.42. These results suggest that this forest community is in the stable climax stage but the components experience a heterogeneous microsuccession.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.205-212
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• 1995

The effects of noise attenuation among bare land, grassland, dominated broad-leaved (Quercus acutissima Carruth) and dominated coniferous forest (Pignus rigid Mill.) were studied For this study, the field experiment was carried out at playground, orchard grass, and school forest in Yeungnam University, Kyongsan. Sound levels of 500, 630, 800, 1,000, 1,250, 1,600, 2,000, 2,500 and 3,150 Hz, respectively, were projected into the vegetation, and the transmitted levels of sound were recorded at the distances of 1, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 50m, respectively, from the sound source. Both dominated coniferous forest (Pignus riged Mill.) and broad-leaved forest (Quercus acutissima Carruth ) are the more effective than grassland in the rates of attenuation. It is expected that dominated coniferous forest will be the more effective to attenuate sound love교 than dominated broad-leaved forest. In the low frequencies such as 500 and 630 Hz, grassland showed the more effective to attenuate sound levels than forests, while in the high frequency such as 3,150 Hz, the forests are the more effective to attenuate sound levels than grassland The present results suggested that it is the more effective to establish the tree belt for a sound barrier, with dominated coniferous tree species in the upper layer and herbaceous vegetation in the lower layer.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2005

월악산국립공원 만수골 계곡부(해발 $380\~915m$)의 해발고와 사면부위에 따른 산림군집 구조를 파악하기 위하여 해발고와 사면부위에 따라 48개 조사구를 설정하여 교목층과 아교목층을 대상으로 조사하였다. 계곡 하부에서 상부로 갈수록 교목층의 밀도, 수고와 흉고단면적 은 감소하였다. 이것은 해발고가 증가함에 따라 환경 조건 중 특히 토양수분이 감소하기 때 문으로 추정되었다. 아교목층은 흉고단면적이 계곡 하부에서 상부로 갈수록 증가하였는데, 이것은 교목층의 흉고단면적이 적을수록 하층의 광조건이 좋아지기 때문으로 판단되었다. 계곡 하부에서 상부로 감에 따라 상대중요치가 증가하는 경향을 보이는 수종은 신갈나무, 물푸레나무, 생강나무, 고로쇠나무 등이었으며, 감소하는 경향을 보이는 수종은 소나무, 굴참나무, 졸참나무, 쪽동백나무 등이었다. 계곡정부를 포함한 해발고대별 종다양도의 범위는 $0.351\~0.903$이었으며, 계곡 정부는 출현종수, 종다양도, 균재도가 모두 낮았다. 사면부위별 종다양도는 $0.780\~1.064$이었으며, 사면 하부에서 중, 상부로 갈수록 종수와 종다양도가 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 환경 조건이 상이한 계곡 정부를 제외한 해발고대간 유사도지수는 $36.0\~67.3\%$, 사면부위간 유사도지 수는 $66.8\~75.1\%$로써 사면부위보다는 해발고에 따른 종구성상태의 차이가 심한 것으로 나타났다. 수종별 상대중요치에 의한 Cluster분석 결과 계곡하부의 사면 상, 중, 하부와 계곡 중부의 사면 중부에 위치하는 소나무-참나무류 군집, 계곡상부의 사면 상, 중, 하부와 계곡중부의 사면 상, 하부에 위치하는 신갈나무-낙엽 활엽수 군집, 계곡정부의 신갈나무 군집으로 구분되었다. 상대중요치에 의한 종상관관계를 분석한 결과 신갈나무는 소나무, 졸참나무와 유의적인 부의 상관을 보였으며, 소나무, 졸참나무, 개옻나무는 3개 수종간 유의적인 정의 상관을 보였다.