• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-49
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• 1983

As Dr. Ogawa visited to Korea for joint research on Tricholoma matsutake, authors travelled 15 main producing districts of Tricholoma matsutake and had field survey on sample areas in these districts from September 23 to October 3 1981. The object of this investigation were to understand the actual conditions of pine forest and growing Tricholoma matsutake in Korea so as to find out relevant treatment of pine forest where the Tricholoma matsutake were growing. As a results, present environmental conditions such as weather, topography, soils, pine forest, vegetations, pine mushrooms(Tricholoma matsutake), other fungi and the relationship between Tricholoma matsutake and the diseases of pine forest were investigated. Model figures of topography and forest type on surveyed area have been drawn up. Some countermeasures to improve pine forest conditions in the aspect of producing Tricholoma matsutake were suggested through the prediction on the transition of pine forest.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.490-494
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• 2008

We simulated a forest fire which was occurred in Yangyang area on 2005 and compared a results between two different weather conditions(real weather condition and mean weather condition since 1968) using FARSITE, which is a forest fire spread simulator for preventing and predicting fire in USDA. And, we researched a problem in the transition for introducing, so we serve the basic method for prevention and attacking fire. In the result, severe weather condition on 2005 effected a forest fire behavior. The rate of spread under real weather condition was about 4 times faster than mean weather condition. Damaged area was about 10 time than mean weather condition. Therefore, Climate change will make a more sever fire season. As we will encounter to need for accurate prediction in near future, it will be necessary to predict a forest fire linked with future wether and fuel condition.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2003

Fifteen major naturally populated habitats around the Mt. Halla, Jeju province for wild Cornus kousa are mostly located on the southeast side of the mountains at 850-1,550m in altitude at sea level and are in half sunney areas. More than 40.0% of the naturally populated area of Cornus kousa are edge of forest areas and 53.3% populate on the steep slope of the mountain in 0-5℃. The direction of the slop for about 40.0% of total populated areas is southeast. In the naturally populated areas, total of 64 taxa dividing into 42 families, 59 genera 56 species and 8 varieties have been shown, mostly Hydrangea petiolaris, Rubus oldhamii, Ilex crenata, Sasa quelpaertensis, Ligustrum obtusifolium. It is suggested that these areas are secondary forest in a typical deciduous forest in Mt. Halla where the second transition had been progressed after forest damage or environmental stress. The index of species diversity of plant groups in these areas is 1.286-4.238 based on the Shannon-Wiener's method.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.02a
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• pp.217-222
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• 2007

Since 1973, we attain a successful achievement of nation-wide afforestation such as a thick forest and heaped-up leaves. However, the higher of the formation density in forest, the more dangerous to be a large-scale forest fire whenever fire occurs. According to the type of forest in the country, 42% of the forest is occupied by conifer forest that are highly flammable, and the distribution of forest age is in a transition period from immature forest to mature one. And the structure is too weak to the forest fire for the occurrence and spread because there are too many scrub and shrub trees in the forest. As a matter of course, it is on the increase of the thinning-forest that can shift the forest structure from a weak on forest fire to a strong one nowaday. In other words, thinning-forest has primary purposes such as the promotion of producing forest trees, production of excellent timbers, and build-up of public forest area. Furthermore, in some reports, the reduction of ladder fuel by eliminating the vertical/horizontal fuel in a forest and ensuring spaces in the forest can decrease the occurrence of forest fire and the risk of spread of burning as by-effect. Therefore, this study is designed to clarify the relation with the risk of forest fire by an on-spat-investigation of the characteristics of forest composition on the thinning and the non-thinning area.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.94-102
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• 2006

To investigate the forest structure and to suggest basic data of forest in the Dogabsa Valley area of the Weolchulsan National Park, thirty plots, each size is $100m^2$, were set up and surveyed. According to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN, the community was divided by five groups of Quercus variabilis-Carpinus tschonoskii(I), Pinus densiflora(II), Q. variabilis-P. densiflora(III), Q. variabilis(IV) and Q. aliena-Styrax japonicus community(V). The results of vegetation structure analysis, the forest of Dogabsa Valley area is a transition area of southern part of temperate forest and warm temperate forest zone. The forest is about 40-50-year-old.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.440-446
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• 2013

To understand transition characteristics from wood to charcoal, Quercus variabilis wood was carbonized at 200, 250, 300, 340, 540 and $740^{\circ}C$, respectively. Heating value, pH and surface property by FT-IR spectroscopy of the carbonized charcoal were investigated. Heating value and pH increased with increasing carbonization temperature from 4500 cal/g and 4.3 of the control wood to 8,000 cal/g and 9 of the charcoal carbonized at $740^{\circ}C$, respectively. From FT-IR spectroscopy, the peaks from O-H, C-H and C-O stretching disappeared during carbonization at 540 and $740^{\circ}C$. Aromatic skeletal vibration at near $1,506{\sim}1,593cm^{-1}$ was repidly increased until $540^{\circ}C$. These results suggest that the chemical and physical characteristics of wood components in cell wall can be easily changed by increasing carbonization temperature and the carbonization seem to be incomplete at temperature below $540^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.31-40
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• 2012

The Environmental Conservation Value Assessment Map (ECVAM) is a five grade assessment map created with nationally integrated environmental information and environmental values. The map is made through the evaluation of 65 items, including greenbelt area and naturalness. Naturalness means original state of nature, and it is one of the most important evaluation items for conserving nature. The criteria of naturalness includes the Degree of Green Naturality (DGN) made by MOE. Using the data which has been not updated is a problem of accuracy for ECVAM. Therefore, this study would like to improve the criteria of naturalness. To improve the criteria, the study examined the effectiveness of DGN using field survey. The results of analysis the naturalness without DGN, some area changed grade of naturalness have been already damaged or cleared for agriculture and industrial purposes. The grade of naturalness should be included the concept of vegetation transition like DGN. The study suggested a improved method using vegetation type (natural and planted forest), forest age, and the grade of vegetation conservation. The method was reviewed by experts and field survey. After applying the method in South Korea, the grade of naturalness were distributed evenly like GradeI is 38.87%, GradeII is 37.62%, GradeIII is 23.51%, respectively. From the results of field survey, over 4 grade of forest age in natural forest showed similar pattern of structure and composition in original forests. Therefore, the improved criteria explained the naturalness better than existing criteria, and the accuracy of ECVAM has been improved more.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.226-232
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• 2014

To understand transition characteristics from wood to charcoal the dimensional changes of carbonized woods at low temperature from $300^{\circ}C$ to $350^{\circ}C$ at the intervals of $10^{\circ}C$ were investigated. Three species of hardwoods and two species of softwoods were used in this study. Measurements of dimensional changes of cells were observed by stereoscopic microscope and an image analyzer. The apparent volume of each specimen decreased greatly with increasing temperature. Severe cracks and collapse were observed frequently in hardwoods and hardly in softwoods. Vessel diameter and tracheid cell wall thickness of the wood samples were decreased with increasing carbonization temperature. Contraction of vessel diameter in tangential direction was greater than that in radial direction. Cell wall thickness of tracheids decreased with increasing carbonization temperature. Consequently, even though it was small range of carbonization temperature, dimensions of wood components were changed considerably.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.416-426
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• 2007

Polypropylene (PP) composites with wood flour/wax/coupling agent were manufactured by melt compounding and injection molding. The influence of wood flour(WF), wax, and coupling agent on the mechanical and thermal properties of the composites was investigated. The addition of wood flour to neat PP has the higher tensile modulus and strength compared with neat PP. The presence of wax also improved the tensile modulus. At the same loading of PP and WF, the addition of coupling agent highly decreased the tensile modulus, and increased the tensile strength. From thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the addition of wax improved the thermal stability of the composites in the later stages of degradation. The presence of MAPP and wood flour in turn decreased thermal stabilities of composites. From differential scanning calorimetry analysis (DSC), neither the loading of wax. nor the presence of MAPP has shown significant effect on the thermal transition of composites.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2022

This study analyzed the anticipated supply-and-demand of forest biomass energy (through wood pellets) until 2050, in South Korea. Comparing the utilization rates of forest resources of five countries (United Kingdom, Germany, Finland, Japan, and S. Korea), it was found that S. Korea does not nearly utilize its forest resources for energy purposes. The total demand for wood pellets in S. Korea (based on a power generation efficiency of 38%) was predicted to be 3,629 and 4,371 thousand tons in 2034 and 2050, respectively. The anticipated total wood pellet power generation ratio to target power consumption is 1.13% (5,745 GWh), 1.17% (6,336 GWh), and 1.25% (7,631 GWh) in 2020, 2030, and 2050, respectively. Low value-added forest residues left unattended in forests are called "Unused Forest Biomass" in S. Korea. From the analysis, the total annual potential amount of raw material, sustainably collectible amount, and available amount of wood pellet in 2050 were estimated to be 6,877, 4,814, and 3,370 thousand tons, respectively. The rate of contribution to Nationally Determined Contributions was up to 0.64%. Through this study, the authors found that forest biomass energy will contribute to a carbon neutral society in the near future at the national level.