• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.1339-1347
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• 2014

This study were performed on roadside buffer green in Songpa-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul in order to analyze the anion concentration according to the type of composition of roadside buffer green. Buffer green separating the physical structure of the measurement points and measurement locations were separated by roadside, green interior, the other side of the road. planting density and deposit of trees per each buffer green was measured in the order of mounding type> slope type> the plain type. If the measured temperature of the location-specific weather elements roadside> inside> the other side of the road in order of measurement and the temperature is lowered farther away from the road. If the relative humidity of the road on the other side> inside> the roadside in order to measure and this is the opposite of the temperature tendency. According to physical structure reduction of the temperature on the other side of the road and roadside in order of mounding type> the plain type> slope type was measured. As a result of measuring a anion therefore concentration of the anion inside of melt is in order of mounding type> the plain type> slope type, tended to match the melt characteristics. According to measured positions anion concentration is in the order of the other side of the road> inside> the roadside was measured. As a result of correlation analysis, in the case of measurement location-specific weather and anions the temperature is positive correlation, relative humidity is negative correlation and that's results of previous studies were supported.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.1
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• pp.98-103
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• 2015

This study was conducted to analyze the running stability of a semi-crawler type mini-forwarder. The running stability analysis was performed by using a dynamic analysis program, RecurDyn. Physical properties of the semi-crawler type mini-forwarder was performed by using 3D CAD modeler, AutoCAD 3D. As a result from the computer simulation of stationary sideways overturning, it was found that the semi-crawler type mini-forwarder runs safely on a road with a slope not bigger than $20^{\circ}$ regardless whether it is empty or loaded, but in case of a road with a slope bigger than $20^{\circ}$, it is assumed that it is difficult for the car to run safely due to some dangers. In addition, it was found that the critical slope of its sideways overturning gets much smaller when empty since the location of its gravity center is elevated and much higher when it is loaded. As a result from the computer simulation of its hill-climbing ability, since the running speed is unstable in case of a road with a vertical slope not smaller than $28^{\circ}$, it is assumed that it is safe to drive it on a road with a slope not bigger than $28^{\circ}$. Taking a look at the result from an analysis of the running safety when it passes an obstacle, it was observed that a front tire comes off the ground when the running speed of the car is 5 and 4 km per hour respectively when it is empty and loaded while the gravity center of the front tire is watched. When taking a look at the changes in the location of the gravity center of the rear wheel crawler shaft, it was not found that the shaft comes off the ground at the test speeds both when it is empty and loaded.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.163-173
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• 2015

The occurrence of wild boars (Sus scrofa Linnaeus) and reports of wildlife-vehicle conflicts (i.e., road-kill) involving them have increased in natural forest regions of Korea. In the past few decades, many wildlife passages have been constructed to reduce vehicle collisions involving wildlife species. However, few studies have assessed the habitat suitability of target wildlife species when locating the construction sites of wildlife passages. Target species rarely use wildlife passages if built in an inappropriate location. Therefore, a quantitative habitat model is required to find suitable sites for wildlife passages that can connect the fragmented forest patches of wildlife habitats in Korea. In this study, the wild boar was selected as the target species, and six environmental variables (percentage of Quercus forest, slope aspect, distance to roads, water accessibility, forest stand age and density) were measured. The habitat model for wild boars was developed with a Delphi survey, and habitat suitability maps were delineated for the provinces of Gangwon-do and Jeollanam-do. In this study, 298 and 64 boars were observed in Gangwon-do and Jeollanam-do, respectively. Observations of wild boars derived from the second nationwide natural environmental survey were used to evaluate the habitat model. Habitat suitability maps that superimposed existing road networks suggested that wild boar habitats were severely fragmented in both provinces, particularly in Gangwon-do. To connect the fragmented habitats and prevent wildlife-vehicle collisions, this study proposes 11 and 5 wildlife passage sites in Gangwon-do and Jeollanam-do, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.2
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• pp.206-212
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• 2015

This study was carried out to assess the characteristics of gabion on road cut-slopes, and analyze the scenic view preference for the gabion in Korea. 97 gabion sites from road cut-slopes were selected and were classified into 10 application types of gabion. The classification types of gabion were mostly related to the erosion and collapse prevention across road cut-slope. Gabion work sites in this study were classified into 30 sites (31%) for below 10% gradient, followed by 31 sites (32%) for 11~30% gradient, 20 sites (21%) for 31~50% gradient, and 16 sites (16%) for 51~80% gradient. Gabion works were constructed mostly in low gradient than in high gradient. 34 gabion sites (35%) among 97 sites were not covered by vegetation and 52 gabion sites (54%) showed vegetation cover rates of 1~30%. On the scenic preference analysis, public groups understood that the scenic view of gabion in cutting slope can be improved by vegetation cover, whereas expert groups prefer to scenic view of gabion only. However, expert groups encouraged subsequently vegetation covering to improve scenic view during gabion works in cutting slope.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.24-34
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• 2024

Fire, being primarily a natural phenomenon, is impossible to control, although it is feasible to map the forest fire risk zone, minimizing the frequency of fires. The spread of a fire starting in any stand in a forest can be predicted, given the burning conditions. The natural cover of the land and the safety of the population may be threatened by the spread of forest fires; thus, the prevention of fire damage requires early discovery. Satellite data and geographic information system (GIS) can be used effectively to combine different forest-fire-causing factors for mapping the forest fire risk zone. This study mainly focuses on mapping forest fire risk in the Madikhola watershed. The primary causes of forest fires appear to be human negligence, uncontrolled fire in nearby forests and agricultural regions, and fire for pastoral purposes which were used to evaluate and assign risk values to the mapping process. The majority of fires, according to MODIS events, occurred from December to April, with March recording the highest occurrences. The Risk Zonation Map, which was prepared using LULC, Forest Type, Slope, Aspect, Elevation, Road Proximity, and Proximity to Water Bodies, showed that a High Fire Risk Zone comprised 29% of the Total Watershed Area, followed by a Moderate Risk Zone, covering 37% of the total area. The derived map products are helpful to local forest managers to minimize fire risks within the forests and take proper responses when fires break out. This study further recommends including the fuel factor and other fire-contributing factors to derive a higher resolution of the fire risk map.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.1
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• pp.70-76
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• 2017

Among the forest road pavement methods, the majority of current constructions utilize concrete pavements but it has disadvantages as follows: many cracked concrete pavements generated by the erosion of underlying soil layers, could not be used as forest roads in steep slope during winter, and cement contains hazardous chemicals (hexavalent chromium, etc.). In order to supplement the limitations of the use of concrete pavement, this study was conducted to investigate the operation process and cost, the strength and compaction of the experimental forest road pavement(85 m) utilizing eco-friendly solidification material at Goryeong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do. The work elements of experimental forest road paving were classified into: preparation, Roadbed excavation, Roadbed grading, subgrade compaction, form work, collection and selection of site soil, mixing site soil and eco-friendly solidification material, paving by eco-friendly solidification material, compaction by vibrating roller and curing. The result of economic analysis using construction cost shows that for concrete costs total to $38,681won/m^3$ while for the eco-friendly paving material it is $38,245won/m^3$. Thus the construction costs for concrete and the eco-friendly paving material are similar. And the results of the Schmidt Hammer test for strength analysis by curing period are 10.5-13.5 MPa for 7 days, 18.1-22.7 MPa for 14 days, and 20.8-23.0 MPa for 28 days.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.137-146
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• 2014

The geology of the study area which is located in Samkoe-dong, Dong-gu, Daejeon city comprises black slate, limestone, and pebble-bearing phyllitic rock as meta-sedimentary rocks; and biotite granite and quartz porphyry intrusions. Face mapping revealed sliding in three or four sites of contained coaly slate, where the dip of the foliation and other discontinuities is parallel to the surface slope. The cause of the slope sliding is this parallelism as well as the swelling of the coaly slate when wet. In contrast, the slop on the opposite side of the road is relatively stable because the dip of the foliation and other discontinuities are oblique or normal to the surface slope. To ensure slope stability, a cut-and-cover tunnel was designed and constructed for the new road.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.386-394
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• 2023

This study investigated changes in salivary cortisol, lactic acid, and heart rate along the route during walking exercise in a forest environment for the purpose of reducing stress. Walking exercise in a forest environment was conducted on a Hill Type (Distance: 800m, Average slope 25°, Altitude 112m) and Step Type (Distance: 800m, Average slope 25°, Altitude 114m) routes for 10 female college students in their 20s. The subjects were asked to walk at a speed of 60 bpm. The resulting changes in salivary cortisol, lactate, and average heart rate during exercise were compared and analyzed using Repeated Measurement two-way ANOVA, and the maximum heart rate during exercise and average heart rate at rest were compared and analyzed using paired t-test, and the following results were obtained. First, there was no significant difference in salivary cortisol depending on the type and period of the forest, but it tended to gradually decrease. Second, there was a significant difference in lactic acid depending on the type and period, and it was higher in Step Type. Third, there was a significant difference in the average heart rate during exercise, and it was higher in Step Type. Fourth, there was a significant difference in maximum heart rate during exercise, and it was higher in Step Type. Fifth, there was no significant difference in average heart rate during rest. In summary, walking exercise in a forest environment can be effective for stress reduction for female college students in their 20s, but it appears that forest routes should be selected according to physical strength level, and walking exercise in a forest environment for long periods of time is not recommended. For this purpose, it is suggested that it is appropriate to select the Hill Type route.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.121-132
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• 2009

The agency which is responsible for work related to the restoration of vegetation on the quarry in Hong Kong is the Geotechnical Engineering Office of Civil Engineering and Development Department (CEDD). CEDD's environmental management system was certified as ISO 14001 : 2004 in 2006 and diverse instructions and technical documents about the restoration of the quarry were published and used for the performance of work and the implementation of the project. The restoration of the quarry is being carried out to respond to short-term and long-term goals. The general instructions for the restoration of vegetation says that a plant, when selected, should be self-sustainable with minimum maintenance required, have a high growth and survival rate, be tall enough to cover the rock slope faces, and preferably produce colourful flowers. These instructions prescribe the vegetation introduction technology, planting seasons, structural material of the vegetation works, maintenance and management, tree nursery operation, means of water supply, etc. This report introduced the outline of work on restoring vegetation carried out at Anderson Road, Shek O, Lam Tei, Turret Hill, Lamma, all large-sized quarries. In addition, it additzed Anderson Road's master plan. It is hoped that the Hong Kong examples so introduced are referred to in terms of institutional and technical considerations related to the nation's project for restoring quarries.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.6
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• pp.611-616
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• 2008

The investigation was accomplished on the test area in Forest Practice Research Center in order to compare Point Grid method with Bufferring method in process of the calculation of the Actual Mean Skidding Distance with the GIS aided harvesting method. the investigation site amounted to 264.9 ha in area and 32.67 m in the road density, 306.1 m in road spacing. the Net Correction Factor (Kn) was 1.53 in both sides skidding. the theoretical mean skidding distance was 72.52 m. the shortest mean skidding distance amounted to 149.57 m with point grid method and 139.68 m with Buffering methode. skidding distance correction factor (Kr) was 2.15. actual mean skidding distance amounted to 251.51 m and factor of wood assortment skidding (Kg) was 3.29. when the tractor (Dongyang) and tower yader (Koller 303) are used on investigation site, the logging cost is calculated 11,808 Won with Tractor below 25% slope and 12,336 won with Tractor between 25~55% slope, 10,020 won with Tower Yarder more than 55% slope.