• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.454-465
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• 2020

This study measured the present number of encounters and established the evaluation criterion for the allowable number of encounters in the Seoseokdae summit area (SSA) of Mudeungsan National Park to examine managerial conditions of the number of visitors to the Seoseokdae trail section (STS). Data were obtained from a questionnaire survey of 263 visitors to STS selected through convenient sampling during June 2019. The average number of encounters in SSA was 18.7. Most of the respondents (95.4%) encountered fewer than 30 other visitors. The average maximum number of simultaneous users (AMNSU, measured at 15-minute intervals) in SSA was 13.4 persons (range: 3~31 persons). The AMNSU by the hour was the highest with 21.0 persons at 13-14, followed by 19.8 persons at 11-12, 15.5 persons at 14-15, 15.3 persons at 12-13, 12.3 persons at 10-11, and 10.8 persons at 8-9. Acceptable encounter number (AEN) developed by long-question format (LQF) was 59.2 persons, and that by short-question format (SQF) was 55.1 persons. AEN of the respondents who preferred "near-nature experience" at 27.5 persons was fewer than those who preferred "resort/tourism area like experience" at 46.6 persons. The present number of encounters and AMNUS (range: 3~31 persons) in SSA were fewer than AENs derived from LQF (59.2 persons) and SQF (55.1 persons). Eighty-three percent of the respondents preferred "near-nature experience," while only 10.5% of the respondents preferred "resort/tourism area like experience." 78.4% of the respondents did not perceive that SSA was crowded. The absolute majority of the respondents (92.3%) answered higher personal AEN than the perceived encounter numbers (PEN). The gaps between the personal AEN and the PEN were negatively correlated with perceived crowding.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.577-584
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the potential of chicken feather (CF), which is a by-product in poultry industry, as a partial substitute of wood fiber in the production of wood-based fiberboard. Keratin-type protein constituted the majority of CF, and its appearance did not differ from that of wood fiber. When the formaldehyde (HCHO) adsorptivities of CF compared by its pretreatment type, feather meal (FM), which was pretreated CF with high temperature and pressure and then grounded, showed the highest HCHO adsorptivity. In addition, there was no difference between the adsorbed HCHO amounts, which was measured by dinitrophenylhydrazine method, of scissors-chopped CF and CF beated with an electrical blender. Mechanical properties and HCHO emission of medium-density fiberboards (MDF), which were fabricated with wood fiber and 5 wt% CF, beated CF or FM based on the oven-dried weight of wood fiber, were not influenced by the pretreatment type of CF. However, when the values compared with those of MDF made with just wood fiber, thickness swelling and HCHO emission of the MDF were improved greatly with the addition of CF, beated CF or FM. Based on the results, it might be possible to produce MDF with improved dimensional stability and low HCHO emission if CF, beated CF or FM is added partially as a substitute of wood fiber in the manufacturing process of MDF produced with the conventional urea-formaldehyde resin of $E_1$ grade. However, the use of CF or FM in the production of MDF has a low economic feasibility at the current situation due to the securing difficulty and high cost of CF. In order to enhance the economic feasibility, it requires to use CF produced at small to medium-sized chicken meat plants. More importantly, it is considered that the technology developed from this research has a great potential to make provision for the prohibition of animal-based feed and to dispose environmentally avian influenza-infected poultry.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2020

This study characterized the spatial and seasonal patterns of light pollution in the Deogyusan National Park and examined the potential effects of light pollution on ecosystems in the park using light intensities derived from VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) DNB (Day and Night Band) nightlight images collected in January and August 2018. Results showed that the Muju Deogyusan resort had the greatest light intensity than other sources of light pollution in the park, and light intensity of the resort was much higher in January than in August, suggesting that artificial lights in ski slopes and facilities were the major source of light pollution in the park. An analysis of an urban-natural light pollution gradient along a neighboring urban area through the inside of the park indicated that light radiated from a light pollution source permeated for up to 1km into the adjacent area and contaminated the edge area of the park. Of the legally protected species whose distributions were reported in literature, four mammals (Martes flavigula, Mustela nivalis, Prionailurus bengalensis, Pteromys volans aluco), two birds (Falco subbuteo, Falco tinnunculus), and nine amphibians and reptiles (Onychodactylus koreanus, Hynobius leechii, Karsenia koreana, Rana dybowskii, Rana huanrenensis, Elaphe dione, Rhabdophis tigrinus, Gloydius ussuriensis, Gloydius saxatilis) inhabited light-polluted areas. Of those species inhabiting light-polluted areas, nocturnal species, such as Prionailurus bengalensis and Pteromys volans aluco, in particular, were vulnerable to light pollution. These results implied that protecting ecosystems from light pollution in national parks requires managing nighttime light in the parks and surrounding areas and making a plan to manage nighttime light pollution by taking into account ecological characteristics of wild animals in the parks.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.283-309
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• 2001

Acer pictum complex (A. pictum Thunb. ex Murray with varieties, A. okamotoanum Nakai, A. truncatum Bunge) in eastern Asia causes frequent difficulty in identification. One hundred twenty five specimens from A. pictum complex of China, Korea and Japan and A. cappadocicum var. sinicum of China were compared to investigate patterns of intra- and interspecific variation and to evaluate a recognition of several species as well as many varieties using 22 characters for morphometric analysis. The first three PCA accounted for 59% of the total variance. No strong discontinuities existed among taxa with respect to fruit and leaf characters. Much overlap among all taxa occurred the central region of the scatter diagram. Many characters appeared to show some clinal variation with changes from east of China to Japan through Korea. This was true not only when all species as considered as a single taxon, but when characters of individual taxa were compared with geography. As one considers a path from the western part of the ranges to areas to the east, the leaves become larger in most respects and become increasingly many lobed (five to seven or nine). In general, there was a tendency toward larger nutlet with smaller wing in the area toward northeast of China (=A. truncatum), while in the east of ranges (Island Ullung-do), plants were larger with respect to characters of fruit and leaves (=A. okamotoanum). The morphological differentiation between A. okamotoanum and Japanese and Korean individuals of A. pictum was not considered sufficient to warrant recognition of either specific or varietal status and should be treated as con specific under A. pictum var. mono. Since the lectotype of Acer pictum had minute hairs uniformly on the under surface of leaves(A. pictum var. pictum), the glabrous type of A. pictum was called A. pictum var. mono as Ohahsi suggested. The univaraite analysis (the mean and maximum/minium of nutlet size and wing/nutlet length ratio) indicated geographical differentiation of northeastern populations, A. truncatum, was distinctive, but Korean individuals of A. truncatum showed an affinity between Chinese individuals of A. truncatum and Korean individuals of A. Pictum var. mono. The current results, together with qualitative character, trunk features, justify subspecific status for this taxon. The previous varieties of A. mono in Korea were indistinguishable from typical form of A. Pictum var. mono on the basis of the wing angle and nutlet size, rejecting continued recognition of these taxa as distinctive varieties. Therefore, it is recommended that only one polymorphic species of A. pictum be recognized in addition to three varieties.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.241-247
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• 2004

Recently, we reported a satellite RNA (Paf-satRNA) which is encapsidated in a pepper isolate of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-Paf) regulated symptom attenuation of the helper virus. To characterize mild symptom domain of Paf-satRNA, a series of chimeric cDNAs of satRNAs were created by using full-length cDNA clones of Paf-satRNA and a Pep-satRNA, chlorosis-inducing satRNA in pepper plants, and analyzed for determinants of symptom attenuation. When compared the nucleotide sequences, the 3' and 5' terminal sequences of the two wild-type (wt) satRNAs contained relatively conserved sequences which are the typical to CMV satRNA. Ten bases insertions were found in PepY-satRNA, and two variable regions, 81st to 113th and 183rd to 265th from the 5'-end, were located in the middle parts of the satRNAs. To delineate the attenuated symptom-related domain for the Paf-satRNA, in vitro transcripts RNAs transcribed from the wt cDNAs and constructed chimeric cDNAs were combined with genomic RNAs, RNA1, RNA2 and RNA3, of CMV-Fny and inoculated onto Nicotiana benthamiana plants. These transcripts were fully infectious onto the N. benthamiana and infectivity was confirmed by the RT-PCR. Chimeric Paf(H/N)-satRNA and PepY(N/A)-satRNA as well as Paf-satRNA induced very mild mosaic or symptomless infection on N. benthamiana. By contrast, typical mosaic symptom and stunting of infected plants were induced when PepY-satRNA, PepY(H/N)-satRNA and Paf(N/A)-satRNA were infected to N. benthamiana. Paf-satRNA coinfected with CMV-Fny RNAs induced very mild to sympomless on pepper plants whereas PepY-satRNA-infected pepper expressed typical chlorosis mosaic symptom. Two kinds of chimeric mutants, Paf(H/N)-satRNA and PepY(N/A)-satRNA, induced mild mosaic or symptomless infection onto pepper plants, while PepY(H/N)-satRNA and Paf(N/A)-satRNA showed typical chlorosis and mosaic symptom with stunting. This results suggest that mild symptom-related domain for the Paf-satRNA was located on HpaI-NarI region.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.126-138
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the potential of chicken feather (CF), which is a by-product in poultry industry, as a raw material of wood adhesives. For the purpose, adhesive resins were formulated with NaOH- and $H_2SO_4$-hydrolyzed CF as well as crosslinkers, and then the properties and water resistance of the adhesive resins against hot water were measured. CF was made of mainly keratin-type protein, and no or very low content of heavy metals was detected. Hydrolysis rate of CF increased as NaOH concentration in hydrolysis solutions increased. However, in order to minimize the loss of adhesive property of protein itself by the severe hydrolysis of CF and to seek its proper hydrolysis conditions, NaOH concentrations in hydrolysis solution determined to adjust to 5%, 7.5% and 10%. In the NaOH-hydrolyzed CF, $H_2SO_4$-hydrolyzed CF as a hardener and crosslinker were added to formulate CF-based adhesive resins. Solid content of the resins ranged from 28.3% to 44.8% depending on hydrolysis conditions and type of crosslinker. Viscosity of the resins at $25^{\circ}C$ was very high. However, when the temperature of the resins was increased to $50^{\circ}C$, the viscosity decreased greatly and thus the resins could be applied as a sprayable resin. Retention rate measured to evaluate the water resistance of adhesive resins was the highest in the cured resin formulated with 5% NaOH-hydrolyzed CF and 5% $H_2SO_4$-hydrolyzed CF of 10% based on the solid weight as a hardener. Retention rate depending on crosslinkers added into adhesive resins was the highest phenol-formaldehyde (PF) followed by melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) and formalin. The retention rate of CF-based adhesives formulated with 5% NaOH-hydrolyzed CF, PF and $H_2SO_4$-hydrolyzed CF of 10% and over did not differ statistically from that of commercial MUF resins. All of CF-based adhesives formulated with PF as a crosslinker and one with 5% NaOH-hydrolyzed CF of 55%, 5% $H_2SO_4$-hydrolyzed CF of 15%, and MUF of 30% on the basis of solid weight could be substituted for commercial urea-formaldehyde resins, From the results, CF can be used as a raw material of wood adhesives if hydrolyzed in proper conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.599-612
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• 2017

Human hair (HH) is produced as a waste from beauty parlor and barbershop. HH-based adhesives were formulated with NaOH-hydrolyzed HH, $H_2SO_4$-hydrolyzed chicken blood (CB) and PF as a crosslinking agent. Physicochemical properties and retention rate against hot water of the adhesives were measured to investigate the potential of HH as a raw material of wood adhesives. HH was composed of keratin-type protein of 80% and over. Ash of less than 0.1% was contained in HH. Among the amino acids included in HH, glutamic acid showed the highest content, followed by cysteine, serine, arginine and threonine. Solid content of the adhesives ranged from 33.2% to 41.8% depending on hydrolysis conditions of HH and PF type. Viscosity at $25^{\circ}C$ ranged from 300 to $600mPa{\cdot}s$ resulting in a sprayable adhesive. Retention rate against hot water measured to evaluate the water resistance of adhesives was the highest in the cured resin formulated with 5% NaOH-hydrolyzed HH and 5% $H_2SO_4$-hydrolyzed CB. Meanwhile, the molar ratio of formaldehyde to phenol in PF did not have a significant impact on the retention rate of HH-based adhesives. When the retention rates of HH-based adhesives were compared to those of conventional wood adhesive resins used for the production of wood-based panels extensively, HH-based adhesives formulated with 30 wt% PF showed lower retention rate than commercial urea-formaldehyde resin. However, when PF content was increased to 35 wt%, the retention rate greatly increased and approached to that of commercial melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin. Except for the results mentioned above, the analysis of economic feasibility suggests that HH-based adhesives can be used for the production of wood-based panels if HH is hydrolyzed in proper conditions and then the HH-based adhesives are formulated by the HH hydrolyzates with 35 wt% PF.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.577-584
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• 2003

Three dietary treatments were compared over two years to determine the effects of dietary protein levels and feeding patterns on velvet production in red deer (Cervus elaphus). The LL group received a 13% protein diet whereas the HH group received a 19% protein diet. The LH group switched from the low to high protein diet at the time of antler casting. Significant relationships were found between velvet production and the girth and length of main beam (p<0.01), daily growth rate of velvet (p<0.01), body weight at cutting time (p<0.05 in 1998 and p<0.01 in 1999), date of casting (p<0.01), and body weight and velvet production of the previous year (p<0.05 in 1998 and p<0.01 in 1999). Different levels of protein in diets in this study did not show statistically significant different effects in general. The girth of velvet, summed for top, middle and bottom of the main beam, tended to be thickest in HH for two years and thinnest in LL for 1998 and in LH for 1999. The main beam tended to be longest in HH at 46.3cm in 1998 and 45.2cm in 1999 and shortest in LH at 39.9cm in 1998 and 41.5cm in 1999. Velvet fresh weight tended to be highest in HH at 2,600$\pm$1,000g in 1998 and 3,038$\pm$867g in 1999 and lowest in LH at 2,287$\pm$826g in 1998 and 2,739$\pm$1,079g in 1999. Daily growth rate of velvet antler tended to be greatest in HH (43$\pm$16g/day in 1998 and 51$\pm$14g/day in 1999) and least in LH (38$\pm$15g/day in 1998 and 45$\pm$18g/day in 1999).

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.23-45
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• 2020

Big data is creating in a wide variety of fields such as medical care, manufacturing, logistics, sales site, SNS, and the dataset characteristics are also diverse. In order to secure the competitiveness of companies, it is necessary to improve decision-making capacity using a classification algorithm. However, most of them do not have sufficient knowledge on what kind of classification algorithm is appropriate for a specific problem area. In other words, determining which classification algorithm is appropriate depending on the characteristics of the dataset was has been a task that required expertise and effort. This is because the relationship between the characteristics of datasets (called meta-features) and the performance of classification algorithms has not been fully understood. Moreover, there has been little research on meta-features reflecting the characteristics of multi-class. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to empirically analyze whether meta-features of multi-class datasets have a significant effect on the performance of classification algorithms. In this study, meta-features of multi-class datasets were identified into two factors, (the data structure and the data complexity,) and seven representative meta-features were selected. Among those, we included the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), originally a market concentration measurement index, in the meta-features to replace IR(Imbalanced Ratio). Also, we developed a new index called Reverse ReLU Silhouette Score into the meta-feature set. Among the UCI Machine Learning Repository data, six representative datasets (Balance Scale, PageBlocks, Car Evaluation, User Knowledge-Modeling, Wine Quality(red), Contraceptive Method Choice) were selected. The class of each dataset was classified by using the classification algorithms (KNN, Logistic Regression, Nave Bayes, Random Forest, and SVM) selected in the study. For each dataset, we applied 10-fold cross validation method. 10% to 100% oversampling method is applied for each fold and meta-features of the dataset is measured. The meta-features selected are HHI, Number of Classes, Number of Features, Entropy, Reverse ReLU Silhouette Score, Nonlinearity of Linear Classifier, Hub Score. F1-score was selected as the dependent variable. As a result, the results of this study showed that the six meta-features including Reverse ReLU Silhouette Score and HHI proposed in this study have a significant effect on the classification performance. (1) The meta-features HHI proposed in this study was significant in the classification performance. (2) The number of variables has a significant effect on the classification performance, unlike the number of classes, but it has a positive effect. (3) The number of classes has a negative effect on the performance of classification. (4) Entropy has a significant effect on the performance of classification. (5) The Reverse ReLU Silhouette Score also significantly affects the classification performance at a significant level of 0.01. (6) The nonlinearity of linear classifiers has a significant negative effect on classification performance. In addition, the results of the analysis by the classification algorithms were also consistent. In the regression analysis by classification algorithm, Naïve Bayes algorithm does not have a significant effect on the number of variables unlike other classification algorithms. This study has two theoretical contributions: (1) two new meta-features (HHI, Reverse ReLU Silhouette score) was proved to be significant. (2) The effects of data characteristics on the performance of classification were investigated using meta-features. The practical contribution points (1) can be utilized in the development of classification algorithm recommendation system according to the characteristics of datasets. (2) Many data scientists are often testing by adjusting the parameters of the algorithm to find the optimal algorithm for the situation because the characteristics of the data are different. In this process, excessive waste of resources occurs due to hardware, cost, time, and manpower. This study is expected to be useful for machine learning, data mining researchers, practitioners, and machine learning-based system developers. The composition of this study consists of introduction, related research, research model, experiment, conclusion and discussion.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.390-399
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• 2015

This study was conducted to examine the potential use of coffee waste (CW) as an adsorbent of HCHO by adding into fiberboard. For the purpose, CW treated with various temperatures and times was placed in desiccator with a HCHO solution and then the HCHO adsorptivity of the CW was measured by acetylacetone (ATAN) and DNPH methods. In the results of ATAN analysis, amount of HCHO adsorbed in distilled water was the lowest on the non-treated CW and steadily increased to $100^{\circ}C$-treated temperature. However, over the $100^{\circ}C$, heating temperature (H-Temp) had not an effect on the HCHO adsorptivity of CW. Amount of HCHO adsorbed on CW itself was the highest at $100^{\circ}C$ H-Temp, following by $50^{\circ}C$, $150^{\circ}C$, $0^{\circ}C$, $250^{\circ}C$ and $200^{\circ}C$. For the HCHO adsorptivity of CW measured by DNPH methods, HCHO was not detected in the distilled water stirred with non-treated CW, but detected from the distilled water stirred with heating-treated CW. The content was the highest in the CW heating-treated at $100^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. In addition, HCHO adsorbed on CW itself increased to the H-Temp of $100^{\circ}C$ regardless of heating time, but decreased or reduced greatly degree of the increase over $100^{\circ}C$ H-Temp. In conclusion, optimal heating conditions of CW for the HCHO adsorption might be H-Temp between 100 and $150^{\circ}C$ with 10 min according as technical and economical reasons. Heating-treated CW manufactured with above the conditions can be used as an adsorbent in conventional fiberboard production for reducing HCHO emssion.