Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2017.45.1.126

Evaluating The Water Resistance of Wood Adhesives Formulated with Chicken Feather Produced from Poultry Industry  

Park, Dae-Hak (Department of Wood and Paper Science, College of Agriculture, Life & Environments Sciences, Chungbuk National University)
Yang, In (Department of Wood and Paper Science, College of Agriculture, Life & Environments Sciences, Chungbuk National University)
Choi, Won-Sil (National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management, Seoul National University)
Oh, Sei Chang (Department of Forest Resources, College of Life and Environmental Science, Daegu University)
Ahn, Dong-uk (Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University)
Han, Gyu-Seong (Department of Wood and Paper Science, College of Agriculture, Life & Environments Sciences, Chungbuk National University)
Publication Information
Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology / v.45, no.1, 2017 , pp. 126-138 More about this Journal
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the potential of chicken feather (CF), which is a by-product in poultry industry, as a raw material of wood adhesives. For the purpose, adhesive resins were formulated with NaOH- and $H_2SO_4$-hydrolyzed CF as well as crosslinkers, and then the properties and water resistance of the adhesive resins against hot water were measured. CF was made of mainly keratin-type protein, and no or very low content of heavy metals was detected. Hydrolysis rate of CF increased as NaOH concentration in hydrolysis solutions increased. However, in order to minimize the loss of adhesive property of protein itself by the severe hydrolysis of CF and to seek its proper hydrolysis conditions, NaOH concentrations in hydrolysis solution determined to adjust to 5%, 7.5% and 10%. In the NaOH-hydrolyzed CF, $H_2SO_4$-hydrolyzed CF as a hardener and crosslinker were added to formulate CF-based adhesive resins. Solid content of the resins ranged from 28.3% to 44.8% depending on hydrolysis conditions and type of crosslinker. Viscosity of the resins at $25^{\circ}C$ was very high. However, when the temperature of the resins was increased to $50^{\circ}C$, the viscosity decreased greatly and thus the resins could be applied as a sprayable resin. Retention rate measured to evaluate the water resistance of adhesive resins was the highest in the cured resin formulated with 5% NaOH-hydrolyzed CF and 5% $H_2SO_4$-hydrolyzed CF of 10% based on the solid weight as a hardener. Retention rate depending on crosslinkers added into adhesive resins was the highest phenol-formaldehyde (PF) followed by melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) and formalin. The retention rate of CF-based adhesives formulated with 5% NaOH-hydrolyzed CF, PF and $H_2SO_4$-hydrolyzed CF of 10% and over did not differ statistically from that of commercial MUF resins. All of CF-based adhesives formulated with PF as a crosslinker and one with 5% NaOH-hydrolyzed CF of 55%, 5% $H_2SO_4$-hydrolyzed CF of 15%, and MUF of 30% on the basis of solid weight could be substituted for commercial urea-formaldehyde resins, From the results, CF can be used as a raw material of wood adhesives if hydrolyzed in proper conditions.
Keywords
chicken feather; wood adhesives; crosslinker; hardener; water resistance;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 10  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Yang, I., Han, G.S., Choi, I.G., Kim, Y.H., Ahn, S.H., Oh, S.C. 2012 Development of adhesive resins formulated with rapeseed flour hydrolyzates for medium-density fiberboard (MDF). J. of Korean Wood Science & Technology 40(3): 177-185.   DOI
2 Yang, I., Jeong, J.H., Han, G.S., Choi, I.G., Ahn, S.H., Oh, S.C. 2010. Development of adhesive resins formulated with rapeseed flour hydrolyzates for plywood panels. J. of Korean Wood Science & Technology 38(4): 392-401.
3 Yang, I., Kuo, M.L., Myers, D.J. 2006. Bond quality of soy-based phenolic adhesives in southern pine plywood. J. of the American Oil Chemists' Society 83(3): 231-237.   DOI
4 Yang, I., Kuo, M.L., Myers, D.J. 2005. Physical properties of hybrid poplar flakeboard bonded with alkaline phenolic soy adhesives. J. of Korean Wood Science and Technology 33(5): 66-75.
5 Yang, I., Kuo, M.L., Myers, D.J., Pu, A.B. 2006. Comparison of protein-based adhesive resins for wood composites. J. of Wood Science 52(6): 503-508.   DOI
6 Yang, K.K., Wang, X.L., Wang, Y.Z. 2007. Progress nanocomposite of biodegradable polymer. J. of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 13(4): 485-500.
7 Yang, I., Lee, K.H., Oh, S.C. 2013. Manufacture and performance evaluation of medium-density fiberboard made with coffee bean residue-wood fiber. J. of Korean Wood Science & Technology 41(4): 293-301.   DOI
8 Yang, I., Jeong, J.H., Jeon, M.J., Han, G.S., Ahn, S.H., Han, I.G., Kim, Y.H., Oh, S.C. 2010. Development of Environmentally friendly adhesives formulated with rapeseed flour obtained from the production of bio-diesel. J. of Korea Society of Waste Management 27(3): 234-242.
9 Yang, I., Park, D.H., Choi, W.S., Oh, S.C., Ahn, D.U., Han, G.S. 2017. Reaction mechanism and curing characteristics of chicken feather-based adhesives and adhesive properties of medium-density fiberboard bonded with the adhesive resin. Korean Chemical Engineering Research (Submitted).
10 Woo, B.J., Kim, H.J. 2015. Imbalance of supply and demand for chicken meat and its spread effect. Korea Rural Economic Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
11 Ahn, S.H. 2015. Effect of heating temperature and time of coffee waste on the adsorptivity of formaldehyde. J. of Korean Wood Science & Technology 43(3): 390-399.   DOI
12 American Society for Testing and Materials. 1993. Standard test methods for determination of percent nonvolatile content of liquid phenolic resins used for wood laminating. ASTM, ASTM D 4426, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
13 Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 1990. Analytical methods for chemical composition, 15th ed. Academic Press, Inc., Arlington, TX, USA.
14 Barbosa, A.P., Mano, E.B., Andrade, C.T. 2000. Tannin-based resins modified to reduce wood adhesive brittleness. For. Prod. J. 50(9): 89-92.
15 Christiansen, A.W., Gillespie, R.H. 1986. Potential of carbohydrates for exterior-type adhesives. For. Prod. J. 36(7/8): 20-28.
16 Kim, Y.B., Lee, K.S., Lee, N.H. 1998. Effects of physical processing on protein content and pepsin-digestibility of feather meals. J. of Korean Anim. Sci. 40(1): 103-110.
17 Korea Forest Research Institute. 2013. Standard for the quality of wood pellets. Seoul, Republic of Korea.
18 Kuo, M.L., Myers, D.J., Heemstra, H., Curry D., Adams, D.O., Stokke, D.D. 2001. Soybean-based adhesive resins and composite products utilizing such adhesives. U.S. Patent No. 6,306,997.
19 Lambuth, A.L. 1989. Protein adhesives for wood. In Wood adhesives: Chemistry and Technology, Vol. II. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY, USA.
20 Lee, J.G., Lee, S.M. 1998. Evaluation of soybean meal or feather meal as a partial substitute for fish meal in formulated diets for fat cod. J. of Aquaculture 11(4): 421-428.
21 Lee, K.H. 1997. Chemical composition and biological feed value of autoclaved poultry by-products for poultry. Korea J, Poult. Sci. 24(4): 185-191.
22 Ministry of Environment. 2003. Policy for managing the indoor air-quality of public facilities. ME No. 6911, Sejong, Republic of Korea.
23 Oh, S.C., Ahn, S.H., Choi, I.G., Jeong, H.S., Yoon, Y.H., Yang, I. 2008. Development and application of okara-based adhesives for plywood panels. J. of Korean Wood Science & Technology 36(3): 30-38.
24 Oh, Y., Seller Jr., T., Kim, M.G., Strickland, R.C. 1994. Evaluation of phenol-formaldehyde OSB resins modified with lignin residues from acid-hydrolyzed waste newsprint. For. Prod. J. 44(2): 25-29.
25 Olivares, M., Aceituno, H., Neiman, G., Rivera, E., Seller Jr., T. 1995. Lignin-modified phenolic adhesives for bonding Radiata pine plywood. For. Prod. J. 45(1): 63-67.
26 Pizzi, A., Scharfetter H.O. 1978. The chemistry and development of tannin-based adhesives for exterior plywood. J. of Applied Polymer Science 22(6): 1745-1761.   DOI
27 Yang, I., Ahn, S.H., Choi, I.G., Kim, H.Y., Oh, S.C. 2009. Adhesives formulated with chemically modified okara and phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde for bonding fancy veneer onto high-density fiberboard. J. of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 15(3): 398-402.   DOI
28 Riebel, M.J., Torgusen, P.L., Roos, K.D., Anderson, D.E., Gruber, C. 1997. Bio-composite material and method of making. U.S. Patent No. 5,635,123.
29 Steele, P.H., Kreibich, R.E., Steynberg, P.J., Hemingway, R.W. 1998. Finger jointing green southern yellow pine with a soy-based adhesive. Adhesive Age 8: 49-54.
30 Yang, I., Ahn, S.H., Choi, I.G., Han, G.S., Choi, W.S., Oh, S.C. 2011. Preliminary study of rapeseed flour-based wood adhesives for making wood flooring. J. of Korean Wood Science & Technology 39(5): 451-458.   DOI
31 Yang, I., Ahn, S.H., Choi, W.S., Kim, S.S., Oh, S.C. 2009. Bonding quality of adhesives formulated with okara hydrolyzates and phenol-formaldehyde resins for bonding fancy veneer onto high-density fiberboard. J. of Korean Wood Science & Technology 37(4): 388-396.
32 Yang, I., Han, G.S., Ahn, S.H., Choi, I.G., Kim, Y.H., Oh, S.C. 2014. Adhesive properties of medium- density fiberboards fabricated with rapeseed flour-based adhesives. J. of Adhesion 90(4): 279-295.   DOI
33 Yang, I., Han, G.S., Choi, I.G.. Ahn, S.H., Oh, S.C. 2012. Properties of plywood bonded with adhesive resins formulated with enzymatically hydrolyzed rapeseed flour. J. of Korean Wood Science & Technology 40(3): 164-176.   DOI
34 Yang, I., Han, G.S., Choi, I.G., Kim, Y.H., Ahn, S.H., Oh, S.C. 2011. Development of adhesive resins formulated with rapeseed flour hydrolyzates for laminated veneer lumber and its performance evaluation. J. of Korean Wood Science & Technology 39(3): 221-229.   DOI