• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.47-58
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• 2009

Providing an adequate housing to the socially underprivileged with a weak economic base is the most difficult task of housing policies. Korea established minimum housing standards and has used them for housing policies. However, the level of Korean minimum housing standards is far lower than that of foreign minimum housing standards. Thus, this study made a comparative analysis of Korean minimum housing standards with foreign housing standards in various aspects in order to guarantee housing quality of the socially underprivileged in Korea. In particular, the floor area and ratio of small lease homes are minutely examined to present the actual housing standard of the socially underprivileged. The level of Korean minimum housing standards suggested in this paper is very close to that of Japanese minimum housing standard, which is 37.95 $m^2$ for a 3 member family and just above Chombard de Lauw's pathological limit (36.03 $m^2$). As this research is specifically focused on the establishment of minimum floor area standards for the socially underprivileged, further research should be made in consideration of more specific requirements of various groups for the socially underprivileged.

• 대한안전경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한안전경영과학회 2006년도 추계공동학술대회
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• pp.223-238
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• 2006

It is an hot issue to reduce vibration for improving quality, reliability and safety in railway vehicles including magnetic levitation, monorail way, surface car etc. This paper aims at literature survey in rolling stocks vibration standards Initially, it has been evaluated by researching and analysing of foreign standards to judge wheather or not the standards being applied in domestic are reansonable and scientific. After that we are proposing the standards of vibration after comparing and analysing the ones in domestic and foreign.

• 의료ㆍ복지 건축 : 한국의료복지건축학회 논문집
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2020

Purpose: The ramp is an important facility for the barrier free access and vertical circulation of users of various buildings, including users of walker, wheelchair users, stroller users, and baggage carriers. The installation standards for ramps in Korea have various problems during construction and BF certification. It is necessary to improve the criteria for ensuring practical mobility and safety. Method: Korean standard, International Standard(ISO 21542, 2011), German Standard(DIN 18040-1, 2010), Austrian Standard(OENORM B 1600, 2017), Swiss Standard(Norm SIA 500, 2009), Canadian Standard(Building Standards Guide, 2017), American Standard(ADA Standards, 2010) were investigated and analyzed. A comprehensive improvement of the ramp installation standards is proposed. Results: The ramp is a necessary facility for the barrier free access and vertical circulation of the disabled. It shall be installed with comprehensive consideration of the appropriate slope of the ramp, the distance of the continuous slope, the handle and upstand for pedestrian safety. In order to improve convenience, setting the proper slope and limiting the length of the slope are very important, and improvements are required to the levels presented by international and foreign standards. The unclear standards of Korean law and BF certification standards should be clearly improved so as not to be misinterpreted in construction and Barrier Free Certification. Implication: International and foreign standards should be reviewed to ensure practical mobility and safety. And comprehensive improvement measures should be presented through continuous research.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.504-509
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• 2014

Twenty-five stations of the urban monitoring network in Seoul were assessed with a focus on surveillance function of the exceedances of 8-hour ozone and 24-hour $PM_{10}$ standards. The two standards were selected because their attainment rates were particularly low. Two hierarchical cluster analyses were performed to group stations with similar atmospheric environments-one using daily highest 8-hour [$O_3+NO_2$], 8-hour $O_3$ concentrations plus corresponding 8-hour $NO_2$ concentrations considering the interconversion of $O_3$ and $NO_2$, and the other using 24-hour $PM_{10}$ concentrations. An index to measure higher concentration and exceedances of the standards was introduced. Within a cluster, sufficiently high score was assigned to the trends station or the station with higher index. Scores for $O_3+NO_2$ and $PM_{10}$ of a given station were added and ranked in the descending order to determine the relative importance.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.15-23
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to suggest a proper plan about the exterior space of elementary school in Korea through analyzing the various factors of the exterior spaces in foreign elementary school case. because the foreign cases have diversified eco-friendly certification standards on the elementary school unlike Korean cases. Method: First, we review the recent eco-friendly research trends of elementary schools and the external space characteristics of elementary schools that are currently being studied through related literary surveys, And we review the korean criteria factor for eco-friendly certification, we draw the types of exterior space thorough analysis framework, using the korean criteria factor. Second, the foreign cases of the elementary school were chosen, and then some planning data such as architecture scheme, design concepts and drawings will be collected. So the data were analysed and then the characteristics of physical setting and eco-friendly certification standards will be drawn. Third, We analyzed the characteristics and factor of physical and eco-friendly of exterior space through the drawn types. Result: The various physical settings are appeared physical environment. when we analyzed certification factors at korean eco-friendly standards, the suggestion and guide about the eco-friendly elements than the numerical goals were treated importantly in Korea.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2007

The demographic profile of the households will shift towards the 'older elderly'. There are need upgrading existing housing and new housing in aspect of floor plan, accessories, facilities and so on. The government should prepare the policy and standards of housing design for the aged and disabled in order to improving the residents' housing conditions. The purpose of this study is to compare Korean to foreign guidelines related to residential design for the elderly and disabled and find out the characteristics of our standards. It was accomplished by literature research. The results were as follows. There is disagreements between domestic standards over the clear door opening, the clear hallways and handrails at entrance. And the foreign standards are based on their wheelchair size, ours are founded on it's size which specified only maximum overall dimensions. So ours are seem to be lack of accuracy. Our standard of stairs is in details in comparison with other space components. But ours don't go into details than foreign ones over length of hand-rails, riser etc. And for recommendations denoting minimum and maximum height of various component, it should be preceded the specific survey on limits of reaching ability for the elderly and disabled.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.291-301
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• 2010

Today Korean clothing companies are experiencing difficulties in the global market due to unfavorable business conditions including poor production environments, labor shortage, rising costs, the further opening of the domestic distribution market, and increased competition among them. As a result, this has caused many of Korean clothing companies to transfer their production bases abroad in search of relatively inexpensive labor force, instead of using domestic plants. This study attempted to examine how Korean clothing companies perceive production environments and labor standards with regard to their offshore outsourcing. In such an attempt, in-depth interviews were conducted with 24 brand-name clothing firms. Those interviewed firms were the brands for the domestic or foreign market that were found to produce more than 200,000 pieces of clothing per year, and also the group of interviewees included some promotion service providers. The key findings from this study are as follows: First, a large number of the interviewed clothing companies were found to manage their foreign contract manufacturers by "visiting their factories regularly on a seasonal basis" or "stationing their personnel in factory for management purposes." Second, in relation to quality control in their foreign manufacturers, the most frequent response was to "have personnel stationed in those manufacturers." A smaller number of the clothing companies answered that they had "engaged their production management teams in quality control from time to time," or "used their inspectors to inspect products." Third, when asked about labor standards in foreign contract manufacturers, the largest number of the clothing companies responded, "we apply our own standards." The results of this study suggest that most of domestic clothing companies still use offshore sourcing just as a means of reducing their initial labor costs. However, in the continuously changing environment of the global clothing industry, clothing businesses are required to escape from the early phases of their manufacturing environments and set up more globalized standards.

• 한국자기학회:학술대회 개요집
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• 한국자기학회 2012년도 자성 및 자성재료 국제학술대회
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• pp.29-30
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• 2012

• 의료ㆍ복지 건축 : 한국의료복지건축학회 논문집
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2020

Purpose: Korea, China, and Japan can be seen as a geopolitical community that has developed through various relationships in terms of history. However, nowadays, it seems that they are pursuing different societal goals resulting from the difference in political and social systems, demographic structures, and economic situations. The law provides the minimum standards for people's lives in the direction that the society pursues. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the architectural differences in medical facilities and their causes comparing the legal standards of medical facilities in Korea, China, and Japan. Methods: The subject of the study is Korea, China, and Japan's legal standards of facilities corresponding to the Korean medical service act; enforcement decree of medical service act; and enforcement rules of medical service act. The scope of the study is as follows: First, the facilities standards and the reason for the revision of the standards after the 1950s when the current system of each country was established are investigated and thus the changing trends of the facilities standards that each country has pursued are analyzed. Second, the range and level presented by the current facilities standards of each country are compared and the differences are analyzed. Finally, cases in which the differences in the legal facilities standards are reflected in the actual design are compared and the effect of the facilities standards of medical facilities on the architectural plan is identified. Results & Implications: Each country differs in the legal standards of facilities because of changes in demographic structure and experience of disease. Moreover, it is identified that differences in social operating systems, especially in the operating methods of medical facilities, affect the range and level enforced by the facility standards. When investigating and researching foreign standards of facilities and cases for foreign medical facilities, it is required that they should be analyzed in consideration of the social and cultural aspects of each country.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.65-86
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• 2015

Under current international investment law clear criteria to determine standards of indirect expropriation are absent. Arbitral tribunals determine on a case-by-case whether an indirect expropriation has occurred by conducting a fact-based inquiry. However, three common determination standards can be inferred by analyzing prior arbitration cases. The appropriate analytical framework that can be applied to determine whether a state's measure constitutes an indirect expropriation is as follows. i) the degree of economic invasion of the state's action into the foreign investor's property rights and durability of the period, ii) interference with the foreign investor's distinct and reasonable investment-backed expectations, and iii) the nature, purpose and character of the state's measure. Therefore, it is necessary to fully acknowledge and to utilize strategically this determination standard. However, derived standards cannot be applied to all disputes en masse. So, it is desirable to exclude ambiguity and to clearly define the determination standard of indirect expropriation in investment agreements, since arbitral tribunals can apply different determination standards on a case-by-case basis. And, based on the discussions until now, more developed standards and direction in response to demand should be established through consistent analysis and review of precedents related to indirect expropriation. Lastly, This study is expected to be a useful guideline to prepare a necessary countermeasure to prevent dispute related to indirect expropriation beforehand or in case of dispute occurrence.