• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.269-276
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• 2008

In order to understand the role of seed banks for restoration, seed banks in abandoned rice fields in the Gwangneung National Arboretum, central Korea were investigated using the seedling emergence method. The study sites represented three stages: an initial stage dominated by forbs such as Persicaria thunbergii and Juncus effuses var. decipiens, a middle stage dominated by Salix, and a late stage dominated by Quercus aliena and Prunus padus (in nearby riparian forest chosen as a reference stand). DCA ordination arranged the stands according to the number of years since abandonment. CCA ordination identified the dominant environmental variables correlated most closely with Axes 1 and 2 as $Mg^{2+}$ (intraset correlation was 0.827) and $K^+$ (intraset correlation was -0.677), respectively. Species richness and diversity decreased from the initial stage (H'=2.61) to the middle (H'=1.79) and late (H'=0.75) stages. A total of 49 species $(/m^2)$ and 18,620 seedlings $(/m^2)$ emerged out of the seed bank samples. The DCA ordination and similarity analysis detected a large discrepancy between the composition of the actual vegetation and the seed bank. We conclude that the contribution of seed bank to restoration is low. However, seed bank may help the recovery of forbs after disturbance. Some of our results are consistent with the tolerance model of succession whereas others follow the trajectory of the facilitation model. More research on succession will be required to understand the underlying mechanisms.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.191-198
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• 1985

The processes of vegetation development and interspecific association were studied as a part of a successional study in the sand bars at the Nadgdong River estuary in Korea. The major pioneer plant species in the sand bars were Salsola komarovi, Carex pumila and Cynodon dactylon. In embryonic sand bars, Namusitdeung and Galmaegideung, the processes of vegetation development after colonization by pioneer species were closely interdependent with the development of the sand dune. The vegetation types of embryonic sand bars were divided into two groups: sand dune plants, and annual and perennial forbs. Those of old sand bars, Baeghapdeung and Ogryudeung, were also divided into tow groups: sand dune plants, and salt marsh plants. The results of interspecific association coincided well with the actual distribution of plant communities in the sand bars. The degree of vegetation development in each sand bar agreed with the order of successional stage observed in this study area.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2010

The chemical components in plant cuticular wax can be used as markers to estimate the species composition of the diet of grazing animals. In this experiment, composition of the diet of yak on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau was estimated using n-alkane analysis. During the grazing period, samples of whole plants of the species present, plus fecal samples voided by the yak, were collected, air-dried and ground prior to the extraction of cuticular wax n-alkanes. The species composition of the yak diets was estimated by relating fecal alkane contents to those of the plant species, using the 'ATWHAT'software package. The results showed that the n-alkane technique can detect the main dietary components selected by yak. The diet consumed by yak contained 33% Kobresia humilis, 67% Stipa aliena in summer pasture; 26% Potentilla anserine, 74% Carex qinghaiensis in autumn pasture; 52% Carex qinghaiensis, 32% Heteropappus bowerii and 16% Saussurea semifasciata in winter pasture and 5% Carex qinghaiensis, 95% Achnatherum splendens in spring pasture. The apparent selection for forbs is likely to be a reason for nutritional constraint of yak inhabiting alpine environments.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.1-20
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• 1971

Ecological factors limiting Stipa pulchra have been determined in experimental gardens and at several sites in the hills south and east of Monterey, California. The Stipa pulchrafacies of Valley Grassland communities were found to be dominated by that species, though a total of 36 grasses and forbs were collected and identified. Basal area was not large, but aerial cover by Stipa alone averaged over 50 per cent. Across an ecotone between a Stipa association and the California Annual Type a sudden and dramatic change was recorded. Soil measurements there, and in other nearby areas, showed a much higher clay content with more available water and elemental phosphorus at the Stipa sites. Germination of Stipa seeds was high under all laboratory and field conditions, though growth of seeldings was highly variable. Seedlings grown in Stipa woil with an abundance of water were vigorous and reached anthesis the first year. In other soils they grew less, and when grown in competition with Avena fatua they scarcely grew at all. These findings indicate that when established on desirable soils, Stipa competes well and apparently precludes the dominance of Avena fatua and other large annual grasses. On the other hand, because of a lack of vigor in its seedlings, Stipa cannot reinvade the rich more friable soils on which it was once found, and on which it was shown to grow satisfactorily. This supports the contention that Sipa pulchra was the dominant grass through much of the Valley Grassland and Foothill Woodland, but also indicates that well-drained soils and those poor in mineral nutrients probalby never supported such associations.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.91-108
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• 2015

The study investigates herbage communities along the altitudinal gradient in northwest Himalaya and highlights the effect of trees on its understory floristic diversity and phytosociology. The study was conducted in nine forests at three elevations viz., chir pine (Pinus roxburghii), mixed and khair (Acacia catechu) forests at elevation $E_1$ (850-1150 m), chir pine, mixed and ban oak (Quercus leucotrichophora) forests at elevation $E_2$ (1151-1600 m) and ban oak, mixed and chir pine forests at elevation $E_3$ (>1600 m) in a sub-watershed located in Solan district of Himachal Pradesh, India. These were compared grasslands located adjacent to forests. In all, 20 grass, 3 sedge, 2 forb and 4 legume species were recorded in study sites. Jaccard's coefficient of herbage vegetation was highest between chir pine forests and grasslands, and lowest in khair and ban oak forests. TWINSPAN dendrogram of herbage composition exhibited three subtypes with Apluda mutica, Arundinella nepalensis and Dichanthium annulatum as indicator species. Three groups of plant communities were identified on the basis of their moisture requirement. Peak density and basal area of herbage in forests and grasslands occurred by September. Density and basal area of herbage in grasslands at different elevations ranged from 649.6 to $1347.9tillers/m^2$ and 30.0 to $65.7cm^2/m^2$, respectively, while, in forests it varied from 351.2 to $1005.3tillers/m^2$ and 14.9 to $43.9cm^2/m^2$, respectively. Density and basal area of the herbage in plant communities decreased along the elevation. Under trees in forests the density of herbage decreased up to 77% and basal area up to 62% of their respective values in grasslands.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권7호
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• pp.978-983
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• 2006

Forages from grazing lands comprise conventional feed resources for ruminants in the tropical region. A study was conducted to assess fodder productivity and nutritive potential of deferred forages of six silvopastoral traditional fodder banks in central northwest Tanzania, traditionally known as Ngitiri. The grazing lands were dominated by low quality increaser grass species: Eragrostis spp., Aristida spp., Urochloa spp., Rottboellia exaltata, Cenchrus spp., Cynodon spp. and Chloris spp., and forbs species. The grazing lands had low vegetative basal cover that varied (p<0.05) from 34.7 to 75%, and low forage biomass productivity that varied (p<0.05) from 0.76 to 3.69 tones (t) dry matter (DM)/ha. The forages contained low crude protein (CP) that varied (p<0.05) from 16 to 27 g/kg DM; and had high fibre contents, which varied (p<0.05) from 702-725, 497-573 and 119-225 g/kg DM for neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL), respectively. The forages were poorly degraded in sacco, and showed low DM degradability (DMD) characteristics of 74, 473 and 576 g/kg DM for DM washing losses (a), slowly degradable feed fraction (b) and potential degradability, (a+b), respectively; and low DMD at 48 h incubation, which varied from 317-345 g/kg DM, and contained low metabolizable energy (ME), (4.2-4.36 MJ/kg DM). The herbage forages would not meet protein and energy requirements for maintenance and production, which could be reflected through low animal productivity. Further work is needed to assess animal productivity (growth, milk, draft force) from conserved forages in traditional fodder banks in the dry season.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권12호
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• pp.1587-1593
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• 2010

Pastures of the Apennines of Central Italy contribute to feed resources of high altitude (above 1,300 m sea level) grazing systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of faecal extract from the yak (Bos grunnienes) as an alternative microbial inoculum to rumen fluid for estimation of digestibility of several forage species. Forage samples produced at high altitude were tested in this study: four legumes (Lathyrus sativus L., Lotus corniculatus L., Onobrychis viciaefolia L. and Trifolium pratense L.), three forbs (Achillea millefolium L., Potentilla reptans L. and Teucrium flavum L.) and one grass (Brachipodyum pinnatum L.) were incubated with yak rumen fluid or faecal extract. A large variability in chemical composition was observed among the species collected. Rumen liquor and faecal samples were collected from adult healthy yak. The $Daisy^{II}$ incubator was used to evaluate the nutrient digestibility of forages using rumen liquor as control and faecal extract as alternative microbial inoculum sources. Filter bags containing samples of browse species were added to the four digestion vessels along with their respective inoculum and then incubated for 48 h and dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral and detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility was determined. There was a significant relationship between estimates, indicating that faecal liquor has the potential to be used instead of rumen fluid for estimation of in vitro digestibility of plants. It is concluded that the $Daisy^{II}$ incubator results are appropriate for the determination of in vitro digestibility of nutrients using faecal liquor to define the potential for adaptation of yak to new pastures.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.1228-1234
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• 2000

The reported study was conducted on range managed Malpura ewes that were non-breeding empty, were at an advanced stage of pregnancy, and were in early lactation, under a protocol of free grazing with concentrate supplementation at 1.00, 1.25 and 1.50% of their body weight to assess their plane of nutrition and nutrient intake. The biomass yield of pasture plots was 1689, 1820 and 2912 kg/ha in pregnancy, lactation and empty phases, respectively. In addition to natural shrubs and forbs, Cenchrus ciliaris (36.4%) and dead litter (31.6%) were the major component of pasture vegetation during pregnancy. The dead litter disappeared during the lactation and empty phase with a concomitant increase in distribution of Cenchrus ciliaris to 73.0 and 87.2% respectively. The daily dry matter consumption from supplemental concentrate and free grazing was 70.1, 57.3 and 63.5 g/kg $W^{0.75}/d$ with concentrate to roughage ratio of 40:60, 47:53 and 33:67 in pregnancy, lactation and empty phases respectively. Digestibility of DM and OM were similar in the three phases while CP digestibility was higher (p<0.0l) during lactation than other two phases. Digestibility of NDF, ADF and cellulose were higher (p<0.0l) in empty than pregnancy and lactation, while hemicellulose digestibility was similar in lactation and empty and lower in pregnancy phase. The ewes in ~hases of pregnancy, lactation and empty consumed 7.1, 7.7 and 6.1 g DCP and 197.2, 214.6 and 232.5 kcal DE/kg $W^{0.75}/d$ respectively. It is concluded that ewes maintained on semi-arid Cenchrus dominated pasture with concentrate supplementation during pregnancy, lactation and empty phases consumed 45.2, 45.1 and 35.2 g DCP/Mcal ME respectively.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2011

본 연구는 경상북도 봉화군 비룡산 일대의 신갈나무림을 대상으로 하층수관층에 출현하는 식물 다양성을 파악하기 위해 수행되었다. 종-면적 곡선의 분석결과 신갈나무림 내의 식물다양성의 분석에 적정 크기의 방형구를 설치한 것으로 판단되었다. 5개 조사구 전체의 소산식물은 47과 80속 91종 11변종 2아종 3품종으로 총 107분류군이다. 본 조사에서 기록한 식물종 중 우리나라의 특산식물은 지리대사초, 고광나무, 병꽃나무로 총 3종이다. 한편 희귀식물로는 꼬리진달래 1종 뿐이다. 생육형은 광엽초본에 해당하는 식물종이 가장 높게 나타났고, 관목, 교목 순이었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제79권2호
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• pp.144-161
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• 1990

지역삼림(地域森林)의 합리적(合理的), 체계적(體系的) 및 지속적(持續的)인 생산(生産), 보존(保存), 관리(管理)를 위한 유용자료(有用資料)의 제공적(提供的) 측면(側面)에서 ZM학파(學派)의 식물사회학적(植物社會學的) 군락분류법(群落分類法)을 이용(利用)하여 팔공산일대(八公山一帶) 소나무임군락(林群落)에 대한 연구(硏究)를 수행(修行)한 결과(結果), 다음과 같이 요약(要約)되었다. 팔공산일대(八公山一帶) 소나무림(林)은 신갈나무, 쇠물푸레등(等)이 특징(特徵)지우는 소나무-신갈나무군락(群落)(I)의 산지림(山地琳)과 담쟁이덩굴, 꼭두서니, 국수나무, 좀깨잎나무등(等)이 특징(特徵)지우는 소나무-만목성식물군락(蔓木盛植物群落)(II)의 계곡림(溪谷林)의 2개(個) 상급단위(上級單位)로 구분(區分)되었고, I는 다시 서어나무, 노린재나무, 노간주나무등(等)이 특징(特徵)지우는 일련(一連)의 하급식별종군(下級識別種群)에 의해 서어나무군(群)(I-A), 전형군(典型群)(I-B), 노린재나무군(群)(I-C), 노간주나무군(群)(I-D)의 4개군(個群)으로 구분(區分)되어 졌으며, I-A는 다시 꽃며느리밥풀-주름조개풀소군(小群)(I-A-1), 갈참나무-굴피나무소군(小群)(I-A-2), 팥배나무-꽃며느리밥풀소군(小群)(I-A-3), 팥배나무소군(小群)(I-A-4), 팥배나무-털대사초소군(小群)(I-A-5), 까치박달-참개알나무소군(小群)(I-A-6) 등(等)의 6개소군(個小群)으로, I-D는 꽃며느리밥풀소군(小群)(I-D-1), 전형소군(典型小群)(I-D-2)의 2개소군(個小群)으로 최종구분(最終區分)되어 졌다. II는 다시 주름조개풀등(等)에 의해 주름조개풀군(群)(II-A)과 전형군(典型群)(II-B) 등(等) 2개하급단위(個下級單位)로 구분(區分)되고, II-A는 대사초등(等) 하급식별종(下級識別種)에 의해 대사초소군(小群)(II-A-1)과 전형소군(典型小群)(II-A-2) 등(等) 2개최종하급단위(個最終下級單位)로 구분(區分)되었다. 일치법(一致法)에 의해 군락구분(群落區分)의 타당성(妥當性)을 검토(檢討)한 결과(結果), 소나무림(琳)의 군락구분(群落區分)은 해발(海拔)과 지형(地形)에 의해 좌우(左右)되며, 상관적(相關的) 인자(因子)인 흉고직경(胸高直徑)과 수고(樹高)는 별다른 관계(關係)과 없었다. 종조성(種組成)에 의한 군락계층구조(群落階層構造)는 교목층(喬木層)과 저목층(低木層)은 산지림(山地林)이 계곡림(溪谷林)보다 더 다양(多樣)하였으며, 아교목층(亞喬木層)과 관목층(灌木層)은 계곡림(溪谷林)이 산지림(山地林)보다 더 다양(多樣)하였고, 비율(比率)로 보면, 교목층(喬木層) 15.5%, 아교목층(亞喬木層) 28.4%, 저목층(低木層) 34.6%, 관목층(灌木層) 21.5%이었다. 식생단위별(植生單位別) 조사구당(調査區當) 하층식생(下層植生)의 피도율(被度率)은 II-B : Shrubs 41.6%/Forbs 37.4%/Graminoids 6.1%/Ferns 4.2%(Total 89.3%), I-A : 24.8%/9.1%/7.5%/0.6%(T. 42.0%), I-D : 16.3%/9.6%/11.3%/0.7%(T. 37.9%), I-B : 16.7%/5.6%/4.4%/0.1%순(順)으로, II가 I보다 두배 정도(程度)의 피도율(被度率)을 보였으며, 소나무림(林) 전체(全體)의 하층식생(下層植生)의 평균피도율(平均被度率)은 28.4%/11.4%/11.8%/1.0%(T. 52.6%)였다. 교목성(喬木性) 수종(樹種)의 출현도(出現度), 흉고직경급(胸高直徑級), 피도급(被度級), 치묘발생(稚苗發生) 및 치수(稚樹)의 생육상태등(生育狀態等)을 인자(因子)로 하여 교목성(喬木性) 수종(樹種)의 현존생육분포상태일람표(現存生育分布狀態一覽表)를 작성(作成)하였다. 각종생단위별(各種生單位別) 유용하층식물(有用下層植物)의 분포(分布)나 재배적지(栽培適地)를 파악(把握)하기 위해 출현도(出現度) 및 피도급(被度級)에 의거(依據) 현존분포상태일람표(現存分布狀態一覽表)를 작성(作成)하였다. 식생단위별(植生單位別) 교목성(喬木性) 수종(樹種)의 잠재우점(潛在優占) 및 생육상태추정표(生育狀態推定表)를 현존생육분포상태(現存生育分布狀態), 군락(群落)의 수직분포(垂直分布), 하층지표식물(下層地表植物), 입지환경(立地環境), 유적종(遺跡種)의 유무등(有無等)을 토대(土臺)로 작성(作成)하였다.