• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.219-224
• /
• 1996

Silage comkv, suwwn 19). sorghum $\times$ sudangrass(p. 988) and winter ryeNaton) were cultivated on imperfectly drained paddy field under two different draining methods, subsurface darinage by PVC pipes and open ditsched surface drainage. The crops were harvested at the stage of hard dough for corn and soft dough for wrghum and rye. The soil physical properties. soil colors. soil structure and soil wetness were improved in the subsurface drainage. Gravitational water table occured depth in 110 cm(dry season)~75cm(rain season). In soil profile description, yellowish brown with yellowish red mottles and well developed granular structure were found in the surface A horizon. The portion of solid phase in subsoils(B horizon) was reduced from 48.6%(undrained) to 43.7 %. A blocky structure with dark gray to gray were described in the open ditsched surface drainage. Severe wet depression of the crops was observed due to it's higher moisture contents, where the gravitational water occured depth in 25~37cm during the rainy season. The chemical properties of paddy soils were less affected by drainage methods. The concentration of available phosphate. organic matter and exchangeable K, Ca and Mg were decreased in the subsurface drained soils. The annual dry matter yields of com-rye cropping were 17.8 ton in the undrained, 21.6 ton in the open ditsch drainage and 35.9 ton/ha in the subsurface drainage.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.155-160
• /
• 1996

Spring sown oat crops were grown during early March to late June in 1993~1994. The crops were harvested at different stage of maturity to determine the yield performance, chemical components and net energy value of the plants for silage utilization. The pattern of dry matter accumulation, absolute growth rate(Abs. GR), leaf weight ratio(LWR), stalk diameter(SD) and other growth parameters were analysed to evaluate the suitability of the plant materials for ensiling. The effect5 of wilting treatment and formic acid addition on the quality of silage was also disscused during the experiments. Spring sown oat crops was evaluated as a suitable materials for whole plant silage making. The best qualitative oat silage was obtained at the stage of soti dough to hard dough, when the plant reached 32.2~35.7% in dry matter concentration. Spring sown oat produced 9.43 ton in DM basis, 5.79 ton in TDN and 57.550 MJ-NEL/ha in net energy lactation. Early harvesting of the oat corps needed wilting treatment of the material before ensiling. Under pre-witing treatment (1/2 day) and formic acid addition(0.3%) silage quality point of oat crops harvested at the bloom stage was improved from 58 to 84 point.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.91-96
• /
• 2000

This research was concluded under dryland condition in Thrace region in 1994-1995 growing season. This experiment was arranged in randomised block design with three replications. Yield and some important yield components (plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 1000 seed weight) were determined. According to the results, it can be concluded that the best sowing rate and row distance of chickling vetch for the region are $100\;seed/\textrm{m}^2$ and 20 cm, respectively.

• Plant Resources
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.104-109
• /
• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the possibility that oil seed rape could be used as a forage fodder crop and to select the most suitable variety of forage rape at the southern area of Korea, Two varieties of oil seed rape currently grown for oil production and six introduced varieties of forage rape with relatively high yield and high nutritional value were grown at the same condition and their nutritional value were observed in Spring. Generally, rape was considered as a useful forage fodder crop with high content of crude protein and low contents of NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin. Differences in mean values of the above characters between two groups of rape were not statistically significant. Velox showed significantly higher content of crude protein and significantly lower contents of NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin compared with other varieties of forage rape in spring. Rape was relatively high in IVDMD compared with other forage fodder crops, and forage rape was more or less in IVDMD and DDMW than oil seed rape. Velox was the highest in IVDMD and DDMW among the varieties of forage rape in Spring, in this experiment.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.207-216
• /
• 2004

This study was carried out to select the promising forage crops for forage production in paddy field of NLRI, RDA, Suwon from 1999 to 2001. The species of forage crop used in this experiment were barley(3 varieties), wheat(2), rye(3) and Italian ryegrass(IRG, 3). Stages of heading, milk and yellow ripe of barley were 1 May, middle May and late May, respectively. In milk to yellow ripe stage, dry matter(DM) and total digestible nutrient(TDN) yield of barley were $7.30{\sim}9.58$ MT and $4.75{\sim}6.24$ MT per ha, and Albori was the most promising variety among the barley. The growth of wheat was a little late compared to that of barley. but it seemed to be crop having higher forage yield and nutritive value. In milk to yellow stage, DM and TDN yield of wheat were $8.17{\sim}10.82$ MT and $5.33{\sim}7.31$ MT per ha. Heading stage of rye was 27 to 29 April, and it seemed to be suitable for harvest at heading to flowering stage because of heavy lodging after flowering. In flowering stage, DM and TDN yield of rye were 10.18 and 6.03 MT per ha. Heading stage of early maturing IRG was 7 May and it seemed to be good for harvest at flowering stage of middle May in cropping system. In flowering stage, DM and TDN yield of early type IRG were 4.48 and 2.96 MT per ha. The results demonstrated that the promising forage crops for forage production in paddy. field were rye and barley(Albori) in Middle region, and rye harvesting at early May was recommended when considered middle May of rice transplanting period, and rye and barley considered late May of rice planting period. Also early maturing and high yielding IRG variety was strongly needed.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.217-224
• /
• 2004

This study was carried out to select the promising forage crops for forage production in paddy field of HARI, RDA, Iksan from 1999 to 2001. The species of forage crop used in this experiment were barley(5 varieties), wheat(2), rye(3) and Italian ryegrass(IRG, 3). Stage of heading, milk and yellow ripe of barley were 26 $April{\sim}l$ May, middle May and late May, respectively. In milk to yellow ripe stage, dry matter(DM) yield of barley was $6.64{\sim}10.47$ MT per ha, and averaged ADF and NDF contents were $31.6\%\;and\;62.2\%$ respectively. Albori was the most promising variety among the barley). The growth of wheat was a little late compared to that of barley, but it seemed to be crop having higher forage yield md nutritive value. In milk to yellow stage, DM yield of wheat was $7.51{\sim}11.96$ MT per ha, and nutritive value of wheat was high(ADF $30.6\%$ and NDF $60.1\%$). Heading stage of rye was $25{\sim}27$ April, and it seemed to be suitable to harvest at heading to flowering stage because of heavy lodging after flowering. In flowering stage, DM yield of rye was 17.26 MT per ha, and nutritive value of rye was the lowest among 4 species(ADF $38.6\%$ and NDF $65.5\%$). Heading stage of early maturing IRG was 30 April and it seemed to be suitable for harvest at flowering stage of middle May in cropping system. In flowering stage, DM yield of early type IRG was 10.77 MT per ha, and averaged ADF and NDF contents were $31.6\%\;and\;59.2\%$, respectively. The results demonstrated that the promising forage crops for forage production in paddy field were rye, barley, early maturing IRG and wheat in Honam region. In Southern region, rye harvesting at early May was recommended when considered middle May of rice transplanting period, and barley(Albori) and early maturing IRG harvesting at middle May were recommended when considered late May of rice planting period. And also, wheat with high nutritive value and possibility for harvesting at late May were recommended in case of transplanting period at early June.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.286-290
• /
• 2018

This study was carried on comparison of forage yields and growth of cropping system as forage (winter & summer) in Cheonan 2015~2016. The species of forage crop used were Barley (cv. Youngyang), Sorghum (cv. SX17), Proso millet (domestic) and Japanese millet (cv. Jeju). Plant height is the lowest when harvested in lough stage than in the harvests of all summer crops. The dry matter yield of lough stage was 1,343 kg/10a in barley. Looking at the dry matter according to cropping systems, the sorghum was higher at 10,018 kg when harvested at the lough stage than at the harvest. Dry matter of Proso millet and Japanese millet also had higher at the lough stage than at other harvest times. ADF content of sorghum was lower than that of harvesting, but Proso millet and Japanese millet showed higher ADF content in lough stage. The NDF content of the three crops was higher than that of the harvests, and crude protein content was higher in harvest than that of at lough stage. Total production of crude protein against dry matter yield was about 761 kg when sorghum was harvested at lough stage. There was no difference in the content of TDN among three crops according to harvesting time.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2010.11a
• /
• pp.101-101
• /
• 2010

Anaerobic digestion(AD) is the most promising method for treating and recycling of different organic wastes, such as organic fraction of municipal solid waste, household wastes, animal manure, agro-industrial wastes, industrial organic wastes and sewage sludge. During AD, i.e. organic materials are decomposed by anaerobic forming bacteria and fina1ly converted to excellent fertilizer and biogas which is a mixture of carbon dioxide and methane. AD has been one of the leading technologies that can make a large contribution to produce renewable energy and to reduce $CO_2$ and other green-house gas(GHG) emission, it is becoming a key method for both waste treatment and recovery of a renewable fuel and other valuable co-products. Currently some 80% of the world's overall energy supply of about 400 EJ per year in derived from fossil fuels. Nevertheless roughly 10~15% of this demand is covered by biomass resources, making biomass by far the most important renewable energy source used to date. The representative biofuels produced from the biomass are bioethanol, biodiesel and biogas, and currently biogas plays a smaller than other biofuels but steadily growing role. Traditionally anaerobic digestion applied for different biowaste e.g. sewage sludge, manure, other organic wastes treatment and stabilization, biogas has become a well established energy resource. However, the biowaste are fairly limited in respect to the production and utilization as renewable source, but the plant biomass, the so called "energy crops" are used for more biogas production in EU countries and the investigation on the biomethane potential of different crops and plant materials have been carried out. In Korea, with steadily increasing oil prices and improved environmental regulations, since 2005 anaerobic digestion was again stimulated, especially on the biogasification of different biowastes and agro-industrial biomass including "energy crops". This study have been carried out to investigate anaerobic biodegradability by the biochemical methane potential(BMP) test of animal manures, different forage crops i.e. "energy crops", plant and industrial organic wastes in the condition of thermophilic temperature, The biodegradability of animal manure were 63.2% and 58.2% with $315m^3CH_4/tonVS$ of cattle slurry and $370m^3CH_4/tonVS$ of pig slurry in ultimate methane yields. Those of winter forage crops were the range 75% to 87% with ultimate methane yield of $378m^3CH_4/tonVS$ to $450m^3CH_4/tonVS$ and those of summer forage crops were the range 81% to 85% with ultimate methane yield of $392m^3CH_4/tonVS$ to $415m^3CH_4/tonVS$. The forge crops as "energy crops" could be used as good renewable energy source to increase methane production and to improve biodegradability in co-digestion with animal manure or only energy crop digestion.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.183-189
• /
• 1984

This study was carried out to investigate the salt tolerance to the seed germination of 4 forage crops and their critical salt concentration. 1. The rate of seed germinations of 4 forage crops at 0.4% NaCl solution was not significantly decreased compared with control plot but the germination percentages at 0.8% NaCl solution were significantly dropped. 2. The days for germination were gradually delayed by increasing salt concentrations. 3. The growth of seedling root and shoot was slightly depressed at 0.4% salt solution but significantly depressed at 0.8% solution. At 1.2% salt solution, the seedling growth was stopped immediatly after seed germination. 4. The NaCl content in the seedling was increased at the medium containing higher amount of NaCl, however increasing rate of NaCl level in the seedling showed significant differences among the forage crops tested in this experiment. 5. The critical salt concentration to the germination of the forage crops was 0.4% to 0.8%. The perennial ryegrass showed the highest salt tolerance in the seed germination, and the tall fescue and the creeping red fescue showed medium, and the orchardgrass showed the lowest tolerance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.14 no.9
• /
• pp.1233-1237
• /
• 2001

A study was conducted to determine the effects of maturity at harvest and wilting days on the quality of round baled rye (Secale cereale L.) silage. This study was a $3{\times}3$ factorial arrangement in a split plot design with 3 replicates. The main plot was 3 harvesting dates at the stage of boot (20 Apr.), heading (29 Apr.) and flowering (14 May). The subplot was wilting day : 0 (unwilted), 0.5 and 1 day (0, 1, and 2 days at boot stage). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents of rye silage were significantly greater than those of rye before ensiling, but crude protein (CP) content and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were vice versa. Buffering capacity (BC) of rye harvested at flowering stage was decreased from 264 to 202 meq/kg at 1 day wilting, however, it was increased when harvested at boot or heading stage. The pH in wilted silage was the highest while that of flowering stage was the lowest. Water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content of wilting rye was lower than that of unwilted, and the lowest at late harvesting stage. All plots had minimal WSC content for silage fermentation. Wilting treatment and delayed harvesting date caused an increase in dry matter (DM) content of round bale silage. The content of ammonia-N expressed as a portion of total N showed negative correlation with DM content. High quality silage according to ammonia-N content could be obtained from mid-harvest with wilting. There were highly significant differences in each organic acid between harvesting dates and wilting periods. Acetic and butyric acid contents were increased with delayed harvesting and prolonged wilting period, the lactic acid content, however, was decreased. This study demonstrated that harvest of rye from heading to flowering stage with wilting would be a recommendable method for making high quality rye silage using round bale system.