• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.723-735
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• 2018

Indicators to quantitatively assess the physical conditions can help optimize the effectiveness of rehabilitation therapy for stroke patients. The body composition variations in the paretic and non-paretic regions of stroke patients with cerebral infarction (7 males, 31 females) were analyzed using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance. Specifically, resistance (R), lean mass (LM), fat mass (FM), extracellular water (ECW), intracellular water (ICW), R/LM relation, basal metabolic rate (BMR)/LM relation were utilized to evaluate the paretic and non-paretic regions of subjects with cerebral infarction. These values showed significant differences in gender and paretic/non-paretic regions. R and FM were high but LM and ICW were lower in female and paralysis. ECW was lower in females than males, but there was no considerable difference between paralysis and non-paralysis in both males and females. In addition, there was an inverse distribution between R and LM in paretic and non-paretic regions, with males on the upper left and females on the lower right. Furthermore, the relationship between BMR and LM showed excellent linearity (slope: 22.17 kcal/day/kg) irrespective of gender, paralysis, and non-paralysis. An easy, non-invasive and quantitative assessment using bioelectrical impedance would provide an useful tool for evaluating patients with cerebral infarction receiving rehabilitation therapy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.471-474
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• 2015

Background: Male and female breast cancers were investigated for variation in the clinicopathologic characteristics and expression of steroid hormone receptors in the northeast of Iran. Materials and Methods: Tumor specimens of 17 males and 338 females with breast cancer were collected at the hospitals of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Immunohistochemical expression of hormone receptors and clinicopathologic features of breast cancer were compared between two groups. Results: The mean age in men was 15 years higher than women (p=0.000). Males and females were mainly in stage II and III respectively (p=0.007). Although more than 60% of male and female patients were grade II, the respective figures for grade I and III were 25% and 12.5% in men but 7.1% and 27.2% in women respectively (p=0.025). ER was significantly more positive in men against women; 82.3% versus 53.4% (p=0.016). The related measures for PR was 58.8% and 50.3%, respectively (p=0.424). Males also showed significantly more ER expression than postmenopausal females; 82.3% versus 48.9% (p=0.010). Conclusions: Breast cancer in males and females contrasted in age at diagnosis, histological type, stage, grade and ER expression which emphasize they are separate diseases with different behaviors.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.108-126
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• 2008

Summary measures of population health or SMPH is an index which can describe morbidity as well as mortality. Summary measures of population health can be divided into health-adjusted life years which is a life expectancy measure and disability-adjusted life years which represents the gap between the ideal health status and the current health status. This study aims at estimating health-adjusted life expectancy(HALE) which is a measure of health-adjusted life years, by calculating life expectancy adjusted by health status using EQ-5D. The mortality data was obtained from the life table of 2005 which was published by the National Statistical Office and the health status by sex and age was obtained from the EQ-5D scores using the third National Health and Nutrition and Examination Survey in 2005. With these mortality and morbidity data, health-adjusted life expectancy was calculated using Sullivan's method. The study results showed that the health-adjusted life expectancy of males and females was 67.49 and 69.61, respectively, while the life expectancy of males and females was 75.14 and 81.89. In other words, Korean males and females lose 7.65 and 12.28, respectively, from the decrease of quality of life due to diseases and/or injuries. These results can further be interpreted that males lose 10.2% of their life expectancy and females 15.0%. This study suggests that it may be possible to monitor population's health-adjusted life expectancy by continuing to include health-related quality of life measures such as EQ-5D in national health surveys like the National Health and Nutrition and Examination Survey.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.5249-5255
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• 2013

Background: The purpose of this study was to develop a single measure of cancer burden (SMCB), which can prioritize cancer sites by considering incidence and mortality. Materials and Methods: Incidence data from 1999 to 2010 were obtained from the Korea Central Cancer Registry. Mortality data from 1999 to 2010 were obtained from Statistics Korea. The SMCB was developed by adding incidence and mortality scores. The respective scores were given such that incidence and mortality were classified by ten ranges of equal intervals. Results: According to the SMCB in 2010, stomach cancer ranked $1^{st}$ in males with 20 points, and colorectal cancer was $2^{nd}$ with 11 points. Breast cancer and thyroid cancer were joint $1^{st}$ with 11 points for females. The SMCB for females was less than that for males. The burden of stomach cancer was $1^{st}$ in males from 1999-2010. The incidences of lung cancer and liver cancer decreased, whereas thyroid cancer and colon cancer increased during the period. Breast cancer and thyroid cancer burden showed tendencies to increase in females. Comparison of SMCB with disability-adjusted life years (DALY) and socioeconomic costs in 2005 showed that the top five cancer sites were similar, but there were differences in the size of the cancer burden. Conclusions: The SMCB indicated that the burdens of stomach cancer in males and thyroid and breast cancers in females were large. The single measure showed an advantage, reflected as the equivalent dimensions of incidence and mortality, whereas DALY and economic costs showed tendencies to reflect premature death.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.139-146
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• 2012

This study was designed to examine comfort levels of pitch and loudness with target matching and their effects on electroglottographic (EGG) and acoustic measures. Twelve speakers, six males and six females, were instructed to produce /a/ sustained vowel for three seconds at a comfortable pitch and loudness level without any instruction and with a target matching procedure of either a certain f0 or SPL separately with visual and auditory feedback. The range of pitch for females and males were presented by progressing up and down randomly at intervals of 5Hz from 150 Hz to 310 Hz (total 33 frequency targets) and from 85 Hz to 190 Hz (total 22 frequency targets), respectively. The loudness levels were 65, 75, 85, 95 dB (total of four intensity targets) for both males and females. Subjective estimations of comfortable levels were obtained using a 10-point equal-appearing interval rating scale following each phonation. The results showed that males and females demonstrated similar trends in loudness levels with greatest comfort at 75 dB, whereas pitch comfort ratings showed a greater variability with females having a wider range with target matching. In the comfort levels of individuals, most male and female speakers rated higher comfort at soft, rather than loud phonations. On the other hand, most male speakers perceived highest comfort levels below the comfort pitch levels they phonated under natural conditions. Higher frequency ranges, however, were perceived to be more comfortable than those of natural condition in most female speakers, although the comfortable pitch levels in spontaneous phonations were within the comfort level ranges determined by targeted phonations. When comparing acoustic (%jitter, %shimmer, SNR) and EGG measures (CQ%) between spontaneous comfortable phonations and targeted phonations produced by the same subject at similar f0 and intensity, no significant differences were observed (p>0.05). Thus, target matching procedures may be considered a compatible and alternative method to reduce the variability of comfortable pitch and loudness levels by eliciting consistent comfortable phonations.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.544-551
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• 2014

This study investigated customer perception of nutrition labeling at fast-food restaurants in Korea. Five hundred and fourteen customers with previous experience at fast-food restaurants were surveyed in July 2012 in Korea. A total of 502 completed questionnaires were analyzed (98.0%). The questionnaires asked about the general characteristics of the subjects, their perceptions and opinions of nutrition labeling at fast-food restaurants, any nutrients they would like to see included in nutrition labels, and their preferred nutrition labeling methods at fast-food restaurants. Of the respondents, 59.4% were male and 40.6% were female; 42.4% indicated that they eat at fast-food restaurants two to three times a month. Half of respondents (54.2%) knew of nutrition labeling of fast-food restaurants, with females being more aware than males. Males trusted nutrition labeling at fast-food restaurants more than females did, and more males than females responded that nutrition labeling helps when selecting healthy menu items. As for satisfaction with nutrition labeling at fast-food restaurants, males were more satisfied than females, and customers between 30 and 39 years old showed the highest rates of satisfaction. Calories was the criterion that most respondents (66.3%) wished to pre-displayed, followed by sodium and trans fat levels. Respondents mostly preferred nutrition labels at fast-food restaurants to be in the form of symbolic icons (36.5%). The results of this study can help shape the application of nutrition labeling at fast-food restaurants and can be used to help establish guidelines for nutritional education for customers in Korea.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.477-483
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• 2000

Objectives : To obtain reference values for the pulmonary asbestos and non-asbestos fiber contents of residents in Korea and to compare them with similar results from Japan. Methods : The autopsied lung specimens from 22 deceased people (20 males and 2 females) in Pohang, without any known occupational history of asbestos exposure, were analyzed for incidence of asbestos and non-asbestos fibers by transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis after using low temperature ashing procedures. Results : Chrysotite fiber (46.2%) was the major fiber type found in the lungs of the subjects. The asbestos fiber concentrations found in males and females were $0.09\times10^6$ fiberss(g of dry lungs) and $0.30\times10^6$ fibers/(g of dry lungs), respectively, showing a geometric mean concentration $0.09\times10^6$ fibers/(g of dry lung tissue), due to the predominance of males in the sample. The non-asbestos fiber contents in males and females were $4.61\times10^6$ fibers/(g of dry lungs) and $17.79\times10^6$ fibers/(g of dry lungs), respectively, with a geometric mean concentration $5.21\times10^6$ fibers/(g of dry lung tissue). Conclusions : Residents in Pohang had significantly lower levels of both asbestos and non-asbestos fibers than urban residents in Korea. Furthermore, Koreans had significantly lower levels of both asbestos and non-asbestos fibers than Japanese.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 1995

Age and growth of stone flounder kareius bicolortus in approaches to Kyongyolbiyolto of Yellow sea were studied by otolith reading of 248 fishes from September 1992 to August 1993. Examination of the ourter margins of the otoliths showed that th hyaline zone as annulus was formed once a year and that its formation was completed at the end of the spawning season(Jan. to Feb.). Growth of the fish was expressed by the von Bertalanffy's equation as Lt=313.7[1-exp{-0.463(t+0.0704)}] for males and Lt=478.6[1-exp{-0.286(t-0.1619)}] for females, where Lt is body length in mm and It is age in years. It was found that growth of males and females differs, with the females showing a higher growth than the males. Growth in body weight was also examined. The oldest fish were seven years old for males and females.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.405-415
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• 2019

This study examined the physiological and psychological effects of wearing a winter cap at rest in a cold environment. Seven older males participated in two separate trials: wearing a winter cap (CAP) and non-wearing a winter cap (CON). The experiment was conducted for 60 min in a climatic chamber (air temperature $7.8{\pm}0.3^{\circ}C$ with $43{\pm}2%RH$) with sedentary posture. Microclimate temperature at the vertex of the head was $6.88^{\circ}C$ higher in CAP compared to CON (p<.01). Microclimate humidity at the vertex was lower in CAP than in CON only during the last 5 min (p<.01). Skin temperature at the forehead in CAP was higher than in CON (p<.01). During the last 5 min, rectal temperature was higher in CAP than that in CON (p<.05). Unlike CAP, the heart rate in CON during the last 5 min decreased significantly compared to the initial 5 min (p<.05). Subjects also felt less cold on the head/face in CAP than that in CON (p<.01). The results indicate that wearing a cap for elderly males positively affected body temperature regulation and cardiovascular response in cold environments. The importance of wearing warm hats for elderly males in winter should be emphasized.

• Annals of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.263-269
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• 2022

Backgrounds/Aims: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a rare neoplasm. The epidemiology of GBC has not been updated in Australia for over five decades. Methods: Data of all Australian patients diagnosed with GBC at any age from 1982 to 2018 were identified from the Australian Cancer Database. Age-standardized rates were calculated and joinpoint analysis was performed to ascertain the trends of incidence and mortality of GBC. Results: Between 1982 and 2018, there were 22,745 cases of GBC and 11,054 GBC-related deaths in Australia. There were three distinct periods showing changed incidence. Period 1 (1982-1995) was stable. Period 2 (1996-2006) showed reduced incidence in females (3.6 to 2.8/100,000; p < 0.01) and all Australians (3.7 to 2.8/100,000, p < 0.01). Period 3 (2006-2017) demonstrated significantly increased incidence in all groups (males: 2.7 to 4.0/100,000, p < 0.01; females: 2.8 to 3.5/100,000, p < 0.01; all Australians: 2.8 to 3.7/100,000, p < 0.01). Incidence between females and males had declined from 1.10 : 1 in 1982 to 0.87 : 1 in 2017. There was a 71% reduction in mortality (3.1 to 0.9/100,000; p < 0.01). Median age at diagnosis increased from 69.7 to 74.3 years for females and from 67.2 to 73.3 years for males. Increasing incidence in the 6th to 8th decade of life in males, compared to previous years, was noted. Conclusions: Incidence, mortality, sex, and age of GBC have significantly changed in Australia since 1982. Rising incidence of GBC in Australia warrants further investigation.