• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.345-351
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• 2004

ln the present work to determine effect of a Streptococcus pneumoniae conjugate vaccine, S.pneumoniae capsule attached to the surface protein (JY-Pol) was ex amined. This JY-Pol contained approximately 92% and 6% carbohydrate and protein, respectively. Gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of the surface protein in the JY-Pol. By the double immunodiffusion and isotyping ELISA analyses, administration of JY-Pol that was adsorbed to alum adjuvant (JY-Pol/Alum) into mice induced IgM, IgG, and IgA specific for the S.pneumoniae capsule. The ATCC capsular polysaccharide adsorbed to alum (ATCC-Pol/Alum) provoked only IgM in mice. In survival tests, mice that were immunized with the JY-Pol/Alum before intravenous challenge with live S.pneumoniae survived entire period of 46 day-observation, whereas all mice that received ATCC-Pol/Alum or only diluent instead of the vaccination died within 5 and 12 days, respectively. Results from footpad-edema test showed that JY-Pol/Alum formula provoked the cellular immunity as determined by swelling of the mouse footpad. These data indicate that the naturally conjugated JY- Pol enhances resistance of mice against disseminated pneumococcal disease due to S.pneumoniae by both humoral and cellular immune responses.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.109-115
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• 1986

Experiments were performed on mice to investigate the effects of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) on Arthus reaction, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and antibody production to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Mice were sensitized iv with 0.1ml of 1% SRBC suspension were treated with a single ip injection of olive oil alone or with different doses of MCA in oil (0.5~50mg/Kg) at various time before (-) or after (+) sensitization (day 0) and were challenged at 4 days after SRBC. Arthus reaction was measured at 3 hours after challenge and other responses at 24 hours. Treatment with MCA inhibited Arthus reaction and DTH to SRBC, measured by footpad swelling reaction, and this immunosuppressing effect was dependent on the dose and time of MCA treatment in relation to SRBC sensitization. Humoral immune responses as measured by serum hemagglutinin-and hemolysin-titers to SRBC were significantly depressed when MCA was injected before or at the same time of sensitization. However, the response was slightly depressed when injected after SRBC. These results indicate that MCA suppress the function of the cells involved in immune responses.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.295-300
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• 2012

Matured dendritic cells (DCs) begin migration with their release from the bone marrow (BM) into the blood and subsequent traffic into peripheral lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. Throughout this long movement, migrating DCs must apply specialized skills to reach their target destination. Non-invasive in vivo cell-tracking techniques are necessary to advance immune cell-based therapies. In this study, we used a DiD cell-tracking solution for in vivo dendritic cell tracking in naive mice. We tracked DiD (non-invasive fluorescence dye)-labeled mature dendritic cells using the Near Infrared (NIR) imaging system in normal mice. We examined the immunophenotype of DiD-labeled cells compared with non-labelled mature DCs, and obtained time-serial images of NIR-DC trafficking after mouse footpad injection. In conclusion, we confirmed that DiD-labeled DCs migrated into the popliteal lymph node 24 h after the footpad injection. Here, these data suggested that the cell tracking system with the stable fluorescence dye DiD was useful as a cell tracking tool to advance dendritic cell-based immunotherapy.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2013

Leishmania tropica is one of the causative agents of leishmaniasis in humans. Routes of infection have been reported to be an important variable for some species of Leishmania parasites. The role of this variable is not clear for L. tropica infection. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of route of L. tropica infection on the disease outcome and immunologic parameters in BALB/c mice. Two routes were used; subcutaneous in the footpad and intradermal in the ear. Mice were challenged by Leishmani major, after establishment of the L. tropica infection, to evaluate the level of protective immunity. Immune responses were assayed at week 1 and week 4 after challenge. The subcutaneous route in the footpad in comparison to the intradermal route in the ear induced significantly more protective immunity against L. major challenge, including higher delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, more rapid lesion resolution, lower parasite loads, and lower levels of IL-10. Our data showed that the route of infection in BALB/c model of L. tropica infection is an important variable and should be considered in developing an appropriate experimental model for L. tropica infections.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.345-351
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• 2009

The $\beta$-glucans derived from yeast cell walls have been reported for having many immunomodulatory activities in vivo and in vitro. In this study, Aureobasidium-derived soluble branched (1,3-1,6) $\beta$-glucan (Sophy $\beta$-glucan) was checked for natural killer (NK) activity and for the production of IFN-$\gamma$ and IL-4 in Leishmania amazonensis infection. The main experiment was performed with a group of female C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, orally supplemented with 5% of Sophy $\beta$-glucan and infected with promastogotes of L. amazonensis ($1\;{\times}\;10^7$) into the footpad. Increase in the footpad thickness with time was observed in BALB/c mice in spite of the oral Sophy $\beta$-glucan supplement, but it was less in C57BL/6 mice. The difference in overall mean footpad thickness between 'infection only' versus 'infection + glucan' groups was statistically significant (P < 0.001). High NK activity in C57BL/6 than BALB/c mice was observed in 'glucan only' group compared to the control group and also in 'infection + glucan' group compared to 'infection only' group. The difference in the NK activity among these groups was significant (P < 0.05). The IFN-$\gamma$ level increased at weeks 7 and 8 post-infection in C57BL/6 mice and was significantly high in 'infection + glucan' group compared to the 'infection only' group (P < 0.05). IL-4 levels did not increase up to detectable levels throughout the study. The results led a conclusion that Sophy $\beta$-glucan enhances NK activity and cellular immunity in L. amazonensis-infected mice.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 1978

Modulating effects of Candida albicans on the immune responses of mice immunized with sheep red blood cells(SRBC) were assessed both by footpad tests for anaphylactic, Arthus and delayed type hypersensitivity rections against homologous and heterologous antigenic challenges and by serum antibody titrations for hemagglutinin and hemolysin against SRBC. The results are summarized as follows: 1. In the mice simultaneously immunzed with C. albicans and SRBC, anaphylactic type and Arthus type footpad reactions to C. albicans challenge were enhanced, and extents of the enhancements were proportional to the concentration of SRBC administered for immunization, reaching peak in mice immunized with 0.2ml($10^8$) of 5% SRBC suspension. Although a little enhancement of delayed type hypersensitivity to C. albicans was observed in those mice, there was no significant difference between the mice groups immunized either with SRBC alone or SRBC and C. albicans simultaneously. 2. Simultaneous immunization of mice with C. albicans and SRBC resulted in the suppression of both anaphylactic type and Arthus type footpad reactions to SRBC, and the extent of such suppressions was inversly proportional to the numbers of C. albicans administered for immunization. Delayed type reaction of the mice to SRBC varied little in regards to the different numbers of C. albicans injected. 3. Hemagglutinin titers differed little between the mice groups immunized with SRBC alone or with SRBC and C. albicans simultaneously. Hewever, hemolysin titers were lower in the mice immunized simultaneously with SRBC and C. albicans. 4. In the peripheral blood of mice immunized simultaneously with SRBC and C. albicnas. there observed increases in the percents of monocyte and polymorphonuclear leukocytes and decrease in the numbers of lymphocytes and pyroninophilic lymphocytes. These results indicated that C. albicans is an immunosuppressant of the mice to SRBC when both anteigns were administered simultaneously for immunization, and that SRBC acted as an enhancer of anaphylactic type and Arthus type reaction of mice to C. albicans when administered simultaneously.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.979-984
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• 2017

Objective: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary Ca concentrations in low non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) diets containing phytase on growth performance, bone mineralization, litter quality, and footpad dermatitis (FPD) incidence in growing broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 1,800 21-day-old Ross 308 growing broiler chickens were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 6 replicated cages. Six diets were formulated to provide increasing Ca concentrations of 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, or 9.0 g/kg in diets. The concentrations of NPP in all diets were maintained at 3.0 g/kg, and phytase was supplemented to all diets at the level of 1,000 fytase units (FTU)/kg. At the end of the 14-d feeding trial, birds were euthanized for tibia sampling, and litter samples were collected from 3 areas in the cage. The FPD incidence was measured based on a 6-point scoring system. Results: Dietary Ca concentrations had no effect on growth performance of growing broiler chickens. However, a tendency (linear, p = 0.05) for decreased feed efficiency was observed as dietary Ca concentrations were increased. The concentrations of Ca and P in the tibia of broiler chickens increased (linear and quadratic, p<0.01) with increasing Ca concentrations in low NPP diets containing phytase. Litter pH, moisture, and N contents were not affected by increasing Ca concentrations in low NPP diets containing phytase. However, a tendency (quadratic, p = 0.10) for increased FPD incidence with increasing dietary Ca concentrations was observed. Conclusion: Dietary Ca concentrations from 4.0 to 9.0 g/kg in low NPP diets containing phytase have little effects on growth performance of growing broiler chickens. However, Ca and P concentrations in the tibia are decreased if dietary Ca concentrations are less than 5.0 g/kg. The FPD incidence for growing broiler chickens may be decreased if less than 9.0 g/kg of Ca is included in diets.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.294-300
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• 2005

Uncaria Tomentosa and Maytenus are known to have anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatoidal effects after either a single application or application over a short-term period. We applied these natural products to Wister rats every day for two weeks and investigated the effects of this long-term application on inflammation. This was done by measuring footpad edema, which was induced by a locally injected carrageenan. There was a dramatic reduction in edema in both U. Tomentosa- and Maytenus-treated rats; furthermore, the reduction lasted as long as three days for rats treated with U. Tomentosa. When the Balb/C mice underwent similar treatment for one month, the level of IgM in the blood of U. Tomentosa-treated mice decreased while the level of IgG in Maytenus-treated mice increased. This suggests that the long lasting effects of U. Tomentosa may be related to a low level of IgM and the subclass switch from IgM to IgG. Since the anti-inflammatory effects of U. Tomentosa lasts for three days, it may prove useful in treating rheumatoid arthritis when applied for an extended period of time, especially since this product is known to have minimal side effects.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.445-449
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• 2010

A dog with a history of long-term phenobarbital administration presented to Seoul National University Hospital for Animals with clinical signs of footpad ulceration and facial ulcerative dermatitis. Skin lesions (facial/footpad dermatitis), histopathologic signs (parakeratotic hyperkeratosis, edema and hyperplasia of the epidermis), and liver involvement (increased plasma liver enzymes and nodular lesions) suggested a diagnosis of superficial necrolytic dermatitis (SND). The patient died suddenly at home of unknown cause after 8 months medical treatment, but intravenous amino acid supplementation and supportive hepatic medication proved as effective for the skin conditions.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 2012

In Northeast Asia, Paeoniae Radix has been used in treatments of inflammation-causing diseases such as arthritis for many centuries. Paeoniflorin, one of the principle bioactive monoterpene glucosides from the paeony root, is reported to be mostly responsible for the effectiveness of the treatments. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of a monoterpene, paeoniflorigenone (PFG) which partially has the moiety of paeoniflorin minus a glucose structure is unknown. Thus, the aim of this work was to investigate anti-inflammatory activity of PFG. For the investigation, PFG activity on the NO (nitric oxide) production from LPS-stimulated macrophages, and the anti-inflammatory effect was tested in the animal model of septic arthritis caused by Candida albicans, a major etiological agent for septic arthritis. For induction of the arthritis, mice were administered with an emulsion of C. albicans cell wall (CACW) mixed with Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) via footpad-injection (Day 0); PFG at a dose of 0.5 or 1 mg/mouse (25 or 50 mg/kg of body-weight) was given to the animals on Day 3, 6, and 9; footpads were scored for arthritis. Moreover, the PFG effect on proliferation of T-lymphocyte that causes aggravation of arthritis was additionally tested. Data resulting from those tests showed that PFG inhibited the NO production from the stimulated macrophage in a dose dependent manner (P<0.05), indicating that PFG is an anti-inflammatory. To confirm the in-vitro results, anti-inflammatory activity of PFG was determined against C. albicans-caused septic arthritis. Data showed that PFG-treatment reduced footpad-swelling which indicates that PFG has anti-arthritic effect (P<0.05), which is therapeutic. The anti-arthritic effect appeared to be mediated by PFG suppression of T-cell proliferation. Ultimately, PFG, a monoterpene component, has anti-inflammatory activity analogous to paeoniflorin. The anti-inflammatory activity treats the septic arthritis due to a pathogenic fungus C. albicans.