• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1084-1089
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the difference of the ankle joint movements during landing. Seven adult males voluntarily participated in the study and the average foot size of the subjects was 269.8 mm. Image analysis equipment and the ground reaction force plate (landing type) was used to measure th kinetic variables. As a result of this study, it was confirmed that the vertical ground reaction force peak point appeared once in the barefoot with forefoot, while two peak points appeared in the barefoot and functional shoe foot with rear foot landing. About ankle angle, fore foot landing ankle angle, the average with bare foot landing was $-10.302^{\circ}$ and the average with functional shoe foot landing was $-2.919^{\circ}$. Also about rear foot landing, ankle angle was $11.648^{\circ}$ with bare foot landing and $15.994^{\circ}$ with functional shoe landing. The fore foot landing, ankle joint force analysis produced 1423.966N with barefoot and 1493.264N with functional shoes. But, the rear foot landing, ankle joint force analysis produced 1680.154N with barefoot and 1657.286N with functional shoes. This study suggest that the angle of ankle depends on the landing type and bare foot running/functionalized shod running, and ankle joint forces also depends on landing type.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.117-130
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• 2018

As women wear shoes for a long time due to aesthetic elements and working environment, many women experience discomfort and deformation in their feet due to their shoes and the production of comfortable shoes is becoming an important issue. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the grip of shoes by foot type, shoe design, and wearing attitude of shoes. Through this, we suggest solutions for foot discomfort due to wearing shoes and help to prevent foot related diseases. The study results are as follows; first, a wide foot, square-type, and high or low arch (hollow foot or flat foot) among foot shapes influenced the fatigue and pain of feet, and big feet over 250mm-long, wide feet, square-type feet, and high-arch feet (hollow foot) had an influence on distortion and side effects. Second, among the characteristics of wearing shoes influencing foot discomfort, the higher the shoe heels were, the narrower the surface covering the feet was (pumps and mule), and the shoes with high front heels and narrow back heel area, the shoe wearer had a higher possibility of experiencing fatigue and pain and even had not only fatigue and pain but also side effects when she wore pointed shoes. Third, a shoe wearer experiences fatigue and pain if she wears shoes for a shorter period of time, stay stood while wearing shoes for a short time, and wears shoes that are bigger or smaller than the actual shoe size. Fourth, fatigue and pain experiencers and distortion and side effects experiencers all responded that they change into other shoes to deal with foot discomfort and that they directly massage their feet.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.151-162
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• 2002

This study aims to reveal the effects of shoe size room on the inner environment of shoes by examining the changes of footskin temperature, temperature and humidity of the shoes, and psychological responses. The following conclusions were made: 1. Skin temperature had significant differences according to shoe sizes in the inner foot parts (right/left) and the outer foot part (left). As time went, skin temperature was distributed as follows: Type A > Type C > Type B. 2. Skin temperature appeared in the following order: instep > inner foot > outer foot. 3. The temperature within the shoes had significant differences: Type A > Type C > Type B. But no significance was recognized in the humidity within the shoes: Type B > Type C > Type A. 4. Some significance was noticed in the psychological responses of size fitness and comfortableness. In size fitness, Type B was responded to be fitting, Type A little small, and Type C rather big. Moisture had similar changes according to three shoe sizes, but humid was the response as time went. Comfortableness appeared in the order of Type C > Type B > Type A.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.637-645
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of men's foot and the foot type by cluster analysis for men's footwear. The sample size for the study was 200 college men between age 19 and 24 in Pusan urban area. There were measured 17 items of the foot for factor analysis and cluster analysis. The result was as follows: 1. The size of If items of men's foot is larger than women's foot. 2. There were 9 items selected by factor analysis. 3. The cluster analysis of the direct measurement: Cluster 1: The items of the direct measurement is all much the same to mean value of this age group. Cluster 2: The foot size is relatively small to other clusters. Cluster 3: The foot size is relatively large to other clusters. 4. The cluster analysis of indirect measurement: Cluster 1: The foot print angle is the most value and Metatarso-Phalanx angle is nomral Cluster 2: The foot print angle is middle and Metatarso-Phalanx angle is normal. Cluster 3: The foot print angle is high and Metatarso-Phalanx angle is the smallest. Cluster 4: The foot print angle is low and Metatarso-Phalanx angle is all the much same to mean value of this age group.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.335-345
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of foot type and ankle joint fatigue levels on the trajectories of center of pressure and center of mass during a single-leg stance. The study subjects included 24 healthy women (normal foot group, n=10; pronated foot group, n=14). Ankle joint muscle fatigue was induced by using an isokinetic dynamometer, where the fatigue levels were measured on plantar flexion and dorsiflexion at angular velocities of $30^{\circ}/s$ at 50% and 30% of the peak torque of ankle plantar flexion. Following assessments in the anteroposterior direction according to the level of fatigue, the pronated foot group showed decreased single-leg stance ability at 50% and 30% of the fatigue level. Moreover, the normal foot group showed better single-leg stance ability than the pronated foot group at 30% of the fatigue level. Following assessments in the mediolateral direction, we noted that the single-leg stance ability did not differ significantly according to the levels of fatigue or foot type. In conclusion, ankle plantar flexion at 50% and 30% of the peak torque reduced the ability of the pronated foot group to achieve a single leg stance in the anteroposterior direction. Moreover, the normal foot group showed better single-leg stance ability than the pronated foot group.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this research was to establish the differences of ground reaction force variables and sensations according to the foot types and the structures of the inner arch support band during $2^{nd}$ vertical ballet jump. Method: 12 Female ballet majors in their twenties who have danced for more than 10 years and had no injuries were selected for this research. Independent variables consist of the foot type (pes rectus, pes planus) and the structure of the inner arch support band (no band, x-shaped, linear shaped). Dependent variables consist of ground reaction force variables and relative wearing sensation. Results: The impact decreased the most when x-shaped bands were used on pes rectus and rigid pes planus. When linear-shaped bands were used on flexible pes planus, the impact decreased. Conclusion: The bands also helped reduce the impact on pes rectus. Furthermore, it is clear that according to the foot type, the impact reducing band structures perform differently. The inner arch support bands were necessary for jump training for any foot type.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.269-278
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• 1989

The initial impact at foot strike is produced by a slider type mechanical model, which can be measured using a force platform to evaluate various shoes. The lower extremity and foot motion was filmed by a 16mm high speed movie camera and several points on the rear half of the shoe and those near the trochanter and the lateral epicondyle were digitized to provide the linear and angular positions and velocities during impact. With these observed kinematics, a slider type foot strike simulator composed of guide rail and sliding dummy is designed. The simulator system makes the artificial foot of the dummy with running shoe on it to follow the foot strike motion. The dummy has the relevant mass-spring-damper system modeled after McMahon's. The motion of the model is drived by the gravity force and the generated motion alone with the ground reaction forces are monitored by the same procedures afore mentioned producing the initial foot strike impact similar to the onto observed in human gait.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.211-220
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to analyze the foot type by cluster analysis for footwear. The sample size for the study was 200 college womens between age 19 and 23 in Pusan urban area. There were measured 17 items of the foot for factor analysis and cluster analysis. The result was as follows : 1. 1'here were 9 items selected by factor analysis. 2.'rho cluster analysis of the foot must be analyzed by direct and indirect measurement indivisually. 3. The cluster analysis of the direct measurement ; Cluster 1 : 1'he foot length is all much the same to mean value of this age group and the items of width and circumference are relatively small to other clusters. Cluster 2 ; The foot length is relatively small to other clusters and the items of width and circumference are all much the same to mean value of this age group. Cluster 3 ; The foot sine Is relatively large to other clusters. 4. The cluster analysis of indirect measurement ; Cluster 1 ; The (cot print angle is high find Metatarso-Phalanx angle is transformed Cluster 2 ; The foot print angle is low and Melatarso-Phalanx angle is normal. Cluster 3 : Tho foot print angle Is middle and Metatarso-Phalanx angle is all the mush same to mean value of this age group. Cluster 4 . The foot print angle Is the most value and Metatarso-Phalanx angle is normal.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.229-236
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences in foot type of female college students according to academic major in both feet. The subjects for this study were 216 female students who took liberal arts classes in Seoul. Dependent variables were students' field of study -specifically whether or not they majored in physical education. Analysis of students' foot type and Malalignment Syndrome were measured using Resting Calcaneous Stance Position (RCSP). There were five categories for RCSP angle: Severe Pes Planus (< $-5^{\circ}$), Pes Planus ($-3^{\circ}{\sim}-4^{\circ}$), Pes Rectus (${\pm}2^{\circ}$), Pes Cavus ($+3^{\circ}{\sim}+4^{\circ}$), Severe Pes Cavus (> $+5^{\circ}$). ${\chi}^2$ analysis was used for statistical analysis. RCSP for all subjects (432 feet) occurred at the following frequency: Pes Planus(43.9%), Pes Rectus(43.8%), and Pes Cavus(12.3%). These levels were different for physical education majors, with Pes Planus at 42.6%, Pes Rectus at 49.4%, and Pes Cavusat 8.0%. Non-physical education majors exhibited Pes Planus at 45.0%, Pes Rectus at 39.9%, and Pes Cavus at 15.1%. 15.3% (33 subjects) of all students had Malalignment Syndrome. In conclusion, 56.2% of female college students had a foot deformity. There was nearly four times more Pes Planus than Pes Cavus. According to these results, exercise can be prescribed to alleviate foot deformities, especially supination. Severe pronation and supination problems appeared less amongst students not majoring in physical education. Thus, although exercise might be one cause of foot deformity, it can also help resolve problems with over-supination. Further study will be needed to understand and resolve the specific mechanism of over-supination.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.189-195
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of shoes with curved out-sole on the pressure, reaction force(sum of pressure) on foot and relations between the rolling speeds and pronation of foot. The foot pressure, reaction force and pressure center on the foot surface of shoe were measured with NOVEL padar system, and 3 type shoes were used to compare the position and speed of pressure center and the foot reaction force, which were s(target) shoe with soft cushions in middle part of out-sole and curved out-sole, m shoes with two type- soft, hard, hardness out-sole and curved out-sole and n shoes with flat out-sole. The subjects were 13 female university students, had weared the 3 type shoes for 6 weeks on two-weeks shifts for adaptation before experiment and put on 3-type shoes repeatedly and randomly and walked on treadmill with 3.5km/h and 80 steps/min. The data were captured with 30Hz and readjusted with 5kgf threshold reaction force. The results can be summarized as follow. 1. There were no difference in maximum reaction force on initial contact period and total foot impact, but statistical difference in maximum reaction force on takeoff period : s, m, n in ascending order. 2. There were some difference in rolling speeds for support periods. At initial contact, the rolling speed of s shoes was fastest but at periods between first and second maximum reaction force, that of m shoes fastest. 3. There was a negative relation between rolling speeds and the length of lever arm on initial reaction force related to pronation. It seems shoes with various curved shapes and hardness could make effects on the rolling features and the rolling speed also have some relationships with walking efficiency, absortion of impact and pronation.