• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2004

The purposes of this study were to investigate the relationship between anthropometric data of foot and other body sizes. to categorize the foot shape of elementary school boys and to find out determinant factors related the foot that enable us to deduce the foot shape and size for the design of more comfortable shoes. Subjects of this study were 249 elementary school boys of age ranged from 6 to 11 residing Seoul and lncheon area. Anthropometric sizes were measured with the direct measurement method using Martin scales and the indirect measurement method using digital photos. Pearson's correlation, factor analysis. cluster analysis. analysis of variance, post-hoc test, and cross tabs were performed for statistical analysis of the data by SPSS program. From the investigation on the relationship between foot-related items and body items, most items of foot measure were significantly related to body size items. However, angle of the foot did not related to other body sizes although other height items and mass items of the foot did have relationships with other body sizes. Results of ANOVA indicated there were significant differences in foot-related items except for items of foot angle and all body anthropometric items by subjects' age. This implicates big toe angle, little toe angle and foot ratio factors are required in sizing shoes besides foot length. On the basis of cluster analysis using factor scores. three different foot shapes were categorized. Type 1 was large and wide foot, Type 2 was small and narrow foot with large toe angle. and Type 3 was medium foot with no deformity on big toe. These three groups show significant differences in almost all measurement items. However, Rorher index and foot angle didn't show any significant differences among groups. This implicates the foot shape can be a determinant of shoe size.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.644-651
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• 2008

The health of foot is connected with individual's health and affects men's activity. In order to develope comfort socks, both foot size and foot shape must be considered. The purpose of this study was to categorize men's foot shape according to age using men's foot scan data (with 2005 Size Korea). Factor analysis, Cluster analysis, ANOVA, and Duncan's test were performed for statistical analysis of the data by SPSS Win 12.00 program. The results are as follows. 1. Nine factors constituting the men's foot were extracted through factor analysis and those factors comprised 77.7% of total variance. 2. On the basis of the cluster analysis, four different foot shapes were categorized. Cluster 1 was characterized by large in toe and ankle size. Cluster 2 was characterized by short foot length, low foot height, and small foot breadth/girth. Cluster 3 was characterized by large and high in foot height. Cluster 4 was characterized by short in foot length and large in foot breadth/girth. 3. Distribution of four foot shape clusters from 20 to 70 years in age above were categorized. For the 20 to 29 years in age, cluster 2, while for the over 30 years in age cluster 4 or cluster 3 is the most dominant foot type. A foot breadth in the 50 years over is wider size range than that in the below 49 years. The foot figures of elderly men over 60 years were smaller than those of below 60 years.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.109-120
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• 1999

The characteristics of Korean women's foot shape were extracted by analyzing foot measurements. 14 measurements were measured from foot outline and 12 conventional measurements were taken on the right foot of 386 Korean women from 18 to 86 years. The results indicate that women's foot shape is changed with aging. The young subjects' feet were longer than the foot length of older subjects. The metamorphosis angle of the women over age 45 was greater than the measurement of women under age 45. The typical Korean women's foot shapes characterized by cluster analysis were (1) small foot with little deformity on great toe, (2) wide foot with big deformity on great toe, and (3) thick and narrow foot with moderate deformity on great toe. These results indicate that the foot height and the degree of deformity on great toe are needed to be considered in developing the shoe last for Korean women. The specialized shoe last needs to be developed for elderly.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.75-84
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• 2003

The objective of this paper was to analyse the foot type of female university students by the direct and indirect measure of foot and the measures of foot outline. The results were as follow: 1. The length and the width of foot were small and ankle slender and the modification of the big toe slight. 2. The analysis on the 16 measure items revealed five factors; the first factor was related to the width and girth of foot, the second one to the length of foot, the third one to the transformation of the little toe, the fourth one to the height of foot, the fifth one to transformation of the big toe. 3. The grouping on the shape of foot revealed three types. The inline angle of foot was the smallest in average in the type 1, while it appeared to be middle in the other types. The wider foot shapes were grouped as type 2 because their inline and outline angles of foot were the biggest in average. In the type 3, the big toe was curved a lot, since it was the largest in average. 4. From the naked eye measuring method, classification from which toe was popped-out told that Egyptian foot was 30.9%, Greek foot 27.9%. On the other hand, the instrumental method showed that Egyptian foot was 57.3%, Squared foot 35.3% and Greek foot 7.4%. 5. The result from the analysis about the traits of foot shape by the degree of the arch formation of bottom foot, showed that 33.8% had the normal foot, 66.2% slightly flat foot or middle one. There was no one with rigid flat foot. 6. The shoes size they declared were that 240cm was 33.3%, 235cm 18.1% and 245cm 18.1%. The shape of their shoe heel were flat heel(34.8%), cuban heel(25.5%), and narrow straight heel(19.9%); and that of the shoe toe were round toe(25.4%), oval toe(20.4%) and squared toe(20.4%). 7. The discomforting parts when they wear shoes were the little toe(35.4%), the rear of foot(13.9%), and the width of foot(13.9%), which was related to their dislike of shoe with the pointed toe.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.773-783
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• 2012

Objective: The aim of this study is to identify foot shapes of Korean male farmers by classifying their foot types using 3D scan data and analyzing the characteristics of each type. Background: The increasing demands for anthropometric information for the design of machinery and personal protective equipment to prevent occupational injuries has necessitated an understanding of the anthropometric differences to be found among occupations. Static stooped posture and squatting posture are so common in Korean farmers that anthropometric deformation in foot especially seems to occur easily. Method: 366 Korean male farmers volunteered for this study from 16 different farming villages nationwide from 2009 to 2011. Subjects were categorized into 4 age groups from 40s to 70s. Their right feet were measured by using 3D foot scanner, the anthropometric dimensions were composed of 40 items. Results: The 8 major factors affecting the foot shapes were extracted. From these factors the foot shape of Korean male farmers was classified into 3 Foot types. Foot type 1 showed severe deformation in toe 1, type 2 had a narrow shape and type 3 had a wider width for its length. Conclusion: There were some differences in foot shape and types between farmers and the public. The most characteristic foot type in Korean male farmers was type 3. Application: The results of identifying foot shapes of Korean male farmers might provide the useful information for designing ergonomic farm work shoes.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.38-51
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• 1999

For a ideal construction of shoes, the exact analysis for shape and size of foot is necessary. This study was performed to classify and analyze the foot types of young males and females. For this, methods of cluster analysis, correspondence analysis and value of proportion were used. The subjects were 414 college students and 36 items, weight(1 item), height(8 items), length(6 items), breadth(6 items), girth(7 items), depth(3 items), slope(5 items) on foot were measured. The fundamental results of the study were as follow ; Difference in foot shape between men\`s and women\`s feet was not found below ankle girth. Based on cluster analysis the shapes of foot were classified into five groups, small but relatively slim group, small but relatively barrel group, middle group, large but relatively slim group and large but relatively barrel group. The types of foot had the distinguished dominant characteristics according to sex, weight and height. The results of this study show that there must be the suitable design of shoes for each foot type.

• 복식
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.71-80
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between the shape of the foot and foot abrasion. and to provide preliminary data for shoe manufacturing by comparing the length of a woman's feet and the shoe size. The Martin calibrator and measuring tapes were utilized to measure the shapes of 163 female college students' feet. Indirect measurements were also obtained by line drawing of the feet for additional analysis. Brief questionnaires about what type of shoes are worn were given to the subjects of the study. Data analysis was presented by frequency, percentage, and standard deviations. Factor analysis and correlation co-efficiency of data was conducted on the significance level of p〈.05. The results of the study are as follows (1) The average number of days per week in which the subjects wear ladies' shoes per week were 4.5. Little over half of the subjects (53.87% ) answered that they wear heeled shoes for more than 8 hours per day. The most preferred height of a ladies'shoe heel was between 2 cm and 4 cm, as replied by 41.0% of the subjects. (2) The foot area where abrasion occurs most often was around the heel (51.2%) and the middle part of the sole (50.9%) (3) Factors correlated to the heel abrasion included the circumference and the breadth of the foot. The abrasion on the side of the first toe of mid-sized feet was most affected by the angle of the first the and inner foot line. The height of the foot heel was a significant factor for the abrasion near the anklebone. In conclusion, the abrasion resulted from the inappropriate fitting of the shoe and the foot. Also, the circumference and the width factors were more influential rather than the foot length. Therefore, more database on this should be systemized and available to the footwear manufacturers and the customers for more practical use of shoe size and public education.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.127-133
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• 2008

Purpose : The purpose of this study was carried out to review the correlation between foot shape(supination foot, pronation foot) and low back pain, hip abduction muscle and ankle lateral sprain. Methods : By using internet, we research the PubMed, Science Direct, KISS, DBpia We selected the article between 1990 and 2007. Key words were supination foot, pronation foot, balance. Results : Normal control balance of human body needs a optimal anatomical alignment and function of musculoskeletal and central nerve system that control continuously to integrate. Especially ankle and foot complex play an important role in postural control because it is located distal part in human body. Supination foot brings to chronic ankle sprain or chronic ankle instability and range of motion limitation due to the weakness of lateral ankle muscle. Pronation foot brings to knee injury because of lower leg internal rotation force. Conclusion : Excessive supination and pronation foot happen to muscle imbalance. Especially weakness of hip abduction or injury of ankle lateral muscle or low back pain are due to abnormal balance and anatomical alignment.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제28권11호
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• pp.1495-1506
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• 2004

This study was attempted to clarify the characteristics of elderly women's foot shape by examining the various measurements of women over 60 years old as compared with those of women in twenties considered as reference group. The subjects were 321 elderly women and 181 young women. Their right feet were measured directly and indirectly by using scanner and digital camera. The anthropometric measurements were composed of 62 items. They were measured during the months of July and August in 2001. As a result of comparing actual measurements of foot between the two groups, it was found that the elderly women tended to have shorter and lower foot than those among the young women. Among the elderly women, in addition, it was revealed that many deformities related to toes or legs led to the toes concentrated to the central axis of feet resulting in relatively steeper lateral angle of toe, and the heels and legs slanting forwards. As a result of comparing index values of foot between the groups, the elderly women's foot had the relatively wide width and low height in comparison with the length, showing more elliptical flattening than those of the young women. And, the width of the inside was wider than that of the outside, and the toe width was relatively short in comparison with the foot width resulting in severe deformities on the toes or the central axis of foot. Therefore, it was found that there were several deformities including flat foot or deformed toes among elderly women. It is expected that the characteristics of elderly women's foot shown in the results mentioned above will be used as the basic data in designing the footwear for elderly women.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제40권10호
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• pp.231-241
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• 2002

This study is for research of relationship between shoes wearing by adult woman and foot type. The research was made through questionnaire sheets of general matters (age, body weight, height & occupation) and shoes wearing status (hill height, toe shape, wearing time) of 216 adult women reside in the metropolitan zone and the foot type was classified from foot measurement and the relationship between shoes wearing and foot type was analyzed. According to the result of analysis it is as follows : 1) In the shoes type prefer for they prefer for lower hill as more ages and were preferring shoes with higher hill as the taller women. 2) The instep height is lower and medial foot angle was increased as their ages are more. Majority of foot type was appeared with standard type and the broad type was indicated more by age of 20s. The classification by toe the square type was indicated by majority and in the age of 30-40s the egyptian type was more 3) As the age and weight get increased he height of arch become lower and indicated to transit to flat-foot. That is to say they prefer for round toe in case of fiat-foot, and for square toe in case of normal and, choice of shoe toe shape it indicated by more impact by the height of arch rather than toe length.