• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.268-279
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• 2023

The pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh produces a diverse range of antibiotics for human and animal use, however, waste disposal management is inadequate. This results in substantial quantities of antibiotics being discharged into water bodies, which provide suitable environment for the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, capable of spreading resistance genes. This study intended for exploring the bacterial antibiotic resistance profile in adjoining aquatic environmental sources of pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities in Bangladesh. Seven surface water samples were collected from the vicinity of two pharmaceutical industries located in the Savar area and 51 Escherichia coli isolates were identified using both phenotypic and genotypic methods. Antibiotic susceptibility tests revealed the highest percentage of resistance against ampicillin, azithromycin, and nalidixic acid (100%) and the lowest resistance against meropenem (1.96%) out of sixteen different antibiotics tested. 100% of the study E. coli isolates were observed with Multidrug resistance phenotypes, with the Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) value ranging from 0.6-1.0. Furthermore, 69% of the isolates were Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) positive as per the Double Disk Diffusion Synergy Test (DDST). ESBL resistance genes bla_TEM, bla_CTX-M-13, bla_CTX-M-15, and bla_SHV were detected in 70.6% (n = 36), 60.8% (n = 32), 54.9% (n = 28), and 1.96% (n = 1) of the isolates, respectively, by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Additionally, 15.68% (n = 8) of the isolates were positive for E. coli specific virulence genes in PCR. These findings suggest that pharmaceutical wastewater, if not properly treated, could be a formidable source of antibiotic resistance spread in the surrounding aquatic environment. Therefore, continued surveillance for drug resistance among bacterial populations around drug manufacturing facilities in Bangladesh is necessary, along with proper waste disposal management.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1389-1402
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• 2013

This paper focuses on the impacts of waste dumping on inorganic nutrients in the dumping area of the Yellow Sea, and the effect of an governmental regulation of pollution in dumping areas. The environmental variables and parameters of the dumping and reference areas in the Yellow Sea were measured during July 2009 and analyzed. In addition, the analyzed data for inorganic nutrients over the last 10 years were obtained from the Korea Coast Guard (KCG) and the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI). The chemical environment of the study area revealed increases in concentrations of inorganic nutrients, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) in the bottom layer. On the contrary, the pH level was decreased. Most notably, the time series data of inorganic nutrients showed gradual increase over time in the dumping area, and thus, the oligotrophic waters trend toward eutrophic waters. The increases appears to be due to the disposal of large amounts of organic waste. In recent times, the wastes disposed at the area were largely comprised of livestock wastewater, and food processing waste water. The liquefied waste, which contains an abundance of nutrients, causes a sharp increase in concentrations of inorganic nitrogen in the dumping area. On the one hand, the dumping sites have been deteriorated to such an extent that pollution has become a social problem. Consequentially, the government had a regulatory policy for improvement of marine environmental since 2007 in the dumping area. Hence, the quality of marine water in the dumping site has improved.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.103-113
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• 1993

Every year, over $3.37{\times}10^7$ ton of municipal solid waste is generated in Korea, of which about 28% is organic food waste from restaurant, dining halls and households etc. Methane conversion of the food waste by anaerobic digestion could be a viable approach for energy recovery as well as safe disposal of the waste. However, as food waste is composed of highmolecular complex polymers such as cellulose, lignin and protein, anaerobic digestion of food waste has not been efficient in terms of volumetric loading rate, solid retention time and extent of anaerobic degradation. In this research, the improved anaerobic degradation of food waste was attemped by applying rumen microorganisms to anaerobic digestion. Acidification efficiency of food waste by rumen microorganisms was compared with that of conventional acidogenesis. And optimum acidification conditions by rumen microorganisms were also determined. For the experiments, anaerobic batch reactors of 600 mL was fed with the processed (dried and milled) food waste obtained from a restaurant. Ultimate volatile fatty acid (VFA) yield produced by rumen microorganisms was about 8.4 meq VFA/g volatile solid (VS) that is 95% of the theoretical value. This yield was not much different from that of conventional acidogenesis, but hydrolysis rate was about twice faster. Cumulative VFA concentration increased from 66 meq/L to 480 meq/L, when the initial TS was increased from 1% to 15%. But VFA yield at 15% TS was half of that at 1% TS. This inhibition on the acidification might be caused by the rapid drop of pH and higher concentration of nonionized VFA. Optimal pH and temperature range for the acidification were about 6.0~7.5 and $35{\sim}45^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2020

The problems with unsorted municipal waste are always associated with disposal issues as it requires a large area for landfilling or high energy used for incineration. In recent years, an autoclaving technique has been considered a promising approach which could minimize the volume of organic waste from being directly disposed or incinerated. In this work, an attempt was done to study the saccharification potential of organic residues under elevated temperature Thermal treatment involving hot water bath was applied to treat the organic residue ranging from 60℃ to 100℃ for 30 and 60 minutes. The result obtained showed an increasing trend for the concentration of glucose and carbohydrate. However, the result for lignocellulose content which contains various component includes extractive, holocellulose, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin show variation. Based on the thermal treatment carried out, the result indicated that the trend of glucose and carbohydrate content. The highest percentage of glucose that can be obtained 978.602 ㎍/ml which could be obtained at 90℃ at 60 minutes. The carbohydrate also shows an increasing trend with 0.234 mg/ml as the highest peak achieved at 80℃ for 30 minutes treatment. However, it was found that the lignocellulose content varies with temperature and time. The statistical analysis was carried out using two-ways ANOVA shows an interaction effect between the independent variables (temperature and contact time) and the saccharification effects on the food wastes. The result shows a variation in the significant effect of independent variables on the changes in the composition of food waste.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.119.1-119.1
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• 2014

Toxic waste disposal: Many people think that when toxic waste is dumped into the ocean or into the air, it disappears. This belief is incorrect. Rather than disappearing, it accumulates over time and slowly destroys the environment. Ultimately, it leads to the destruction of human race. Plasma is environmentally friendly: Plasma is environmentally friendly because it is created and disappears. When plasma is formed on the earth, you need certain conditions such as accelerating electrons by an electrical discharge or a particle accelerator. When this is gone, plasma completely disappears, leaving no impact on the environment. Plasmas produce radicals: Even if plasma density is low at atmospheric pressure, many radicals (excited states of molecules) are created. These radicals are chemically very aggressive. So instead of using harmful chemicals, plasma can be utilized for less of an impact on the environment. Plasma can reach very high temperatures: Plasma is also useful because when you control the density, you can easily reach high temperatures up to $5000{\sim}6000^{\circ}C$ at atmosphere pressure. Because of this heat and the chemical aggressiveness of the plasma, there are many green applications for plasma technology. Pulsed power technology: Pulsed electric field for extraction, drying and killing bacteria. Treatment of biological tissue by pulsed electric fields: Extraction of substances from cells: Sterilisation, Medical applications, Growth stimulation, Food preparation. Each application has its specialities, especially with respect to pulse shape and electric field strength.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.19-25
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• 2001

Recently in Korea, treatment and disposal of organic wastes have being the mostimportant is sue due to governmental strong regulation of landfill banning Especially the sewage sludge and food wastes will be restricted from the direct landfilling, after the year 2003 and 2005 respectively. Thus the considerable change in treatment methods of organic wastes is founded to transfer toward recycling the organic wastes, In these trends. vermicomposting is being enlightened newly in Korea. In November of 1999. the first symposium focusing the organic waste treatment using the earthworm was held with attending many peoples including earthworm company, experts. and professors. In that symposium, it was reported that the vermicomposting plants treating organic wastes had increased to about 80 plants and had treated about 110,000 tons per year in Korea Many local governments and companies showed the interest in vermicomposting of organic wastes and needed the collaboration with each other and foreign countries. In for reclamation materials, the extraction of some medical drugs from earthworm was expanding the research and development fields, In this paper, the history of vermicomposting in Korea was reviewed and the present stanls and future aspect were showed.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.247-256
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• 2006

This study has been conducted for the process of food wastes disposal using surplus capacity of established sewage treatment plant by co-digestion of fermented food wastes and sewage sludge after thermophilic acid fermentation of food wastes. The co-digestion of thermophilic acid fermented food wastes and sewage sludge was performed by semi-continous method in mesophilic anaerobic digestion reactor. It showed great digestion efficiency as the average SCOD and VS removal efficiency in organic loading rate 3.30g VS/L.d. were 74.2% and 73.6%, and the gas production rate and average methane content were 0.440 L/g $VS_{add}.d$ and 66.5%, respectively. Based on the results of this study, the co-digestion of thermophilic acid fermented food wastes and sewage sludge in sewage treatment plant is able to improve treatment efficiency of anaerobic digestion reactor and to dispose food wastes simultaneously, and was proved excellent economical efficiency comparing with any other treatment methods.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.33-40
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• 2011

This study was conducted for the purpose of examining stable disposal of foodwaste and possibility of multilateral use of its by-product by mixing earthworm powder and by-product generated from food waste disposal for making feed for sea fish. As a result of the study, content of crude protein (25.93%, 69.72%), crude lipid (16.91%,6.39%) crude ash (15.38%, 5.30%) in by-product of food waste and earthworm powder was higher than that in fish meals manufactured in the country, and it was judged that it is available to make good feed as a source of fatty acid as it contained C18:1n9c, 1n9t and c16:0. As for stability as a raw material for feed, it was shown that the stability was high when using the product as a raw material for feed not exceeding the standard of test items, and though change of content and ingredients to mixing ratio, it was shown that mixed specimen of fertilizer (S6) was higher, showing that it has great utilization in the future. Also, as it has more content of registered ingredients than any other raw materials for feed manufactured in the country, it is possible to be used as a substitute when manufacturing feed for sea fish. Therefore, it is judged that various studies such as economic analysis and technology of possible manufacturing will be needed in the future.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.162-167
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• 2017

Functional and nutritional soluble proteins can be recovered from surimi (and surimi-like material) processing wastewater, reducing environmental problems and the cost of an irresponsible waste disposal. Recovered proteins may be added back at a low percentage to surimi products. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the addition of soluble recovered proteins (RP), obtained from mechanically separated chicken meat surimi-like material (MSCM-SLM) processing wastewater by acidic pH-shifting, on the composition and texture of RP-MSCM-SLM, with RP contents of 0, 10, 20 and 30% (w/w) in the mixture. For that, proximate composition and gel properties were evaluated. The fat content of the MSCM-SLM was significantly reduced to 11.98% and protein increased to 83.64% (dry basis) after three washing cycles. The addition of 30% RP in the MSCM-SLM significantly augmented the protein content to 93.45% and reduced fat content from to 2.78%. On the other hand, the addition of RP was responsible for a drastic decrease in texture parameters, reaching 252.36 g, 185.23 g.cm, and 6.97 N for breaking force, gel strength and cutting strength, respectively, when 30% of RP was included in the MSCM-SLM. It was concluded that the obtained intermediary product (RP-MSCM-SLM) is a good option to applications in processed meat products where high texture parameters are dispensable, e.g., emulsified inlaid frankfurter-type sausages, but high protein content and low fat content desired.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.72-81
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• 2004

For disposal food wastes which is about 30% portion of tatal organic wastes, vermicomposting is more environmental-friendly treatment than lanfill, incineration, etc. Recently, the interest has been increasing but there are many problems on management of vermicopmposting in field especially. This study was conducted to investigate an optimal factors, which are limit NaCl conc., the mixing rate of food wastes and casting for growth of an earthworm related to efficient vermicomposting. The limit conc. of NaCl was 0.5% and in case of feeding food wastes to earthworms as a prey only, most earthworms were dead in a few hours due to excessive degradation of organic materials and high NaCl conc. However as feeding with the casting of proper mixing rate(3:7), most earthworms were survived until finishing composting. It was investigated the increaser degree of matureness of food wastes, the higher conc. of NaCl, therefore for efficient vermicomposting, it seemed proper mixing rate of food wastes and the casting is better than matureness of food wastes. and the most suitable mixing rate was 3:7 food wastes and the casting.