• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.91-99
• /
• 2014

Ordinary heterotrophic organism (OHO) active biomass plays key roles in biological wastewater treatment processes. However, due to the lack of measurement techniques, the OHO active biomass exists hypothetically within the design and simulation of biological wastewater treatment processes. This research was purposed to develop a quick and easy quantifying technique for the OHO active biomass applying a modified batch aerobic growth test. Two nitrification-denitrification activated sludge systems, with 10- and 20-day sludge ages, were operated to provide well-cultured mixed liquor to the batch tests. A steady state design model was firstly applied to quantify the "theoretical" OHO active biomass concentration of the two parent systems. The mixed liquor from the parent systems was then inoculated to a batch growth test and a batch digestion test to estimate the "measured" OHO active biomass concentration in the mixed liquor. The measured OHO active biomass concentrations with the batch growth test and the batch digestion test were compared to the theoretical concentrations of the parent system. The measured concentrations with the batch growth test were generally smaller than the theoretical concentrations. However, the measured concentrations with the batch aerobic digestion tests showed a good correlation to the theoretical concentrations. Thus, a different microbial growth condition (i.e., a higher food/biomass ratio) in the batch growth test, compared to the parent system or the batch digestion test, was found to cause underestimation of the OHO active biomass concentrations.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2018.10a
• /
• pp.24-24
• /
• 2018

Degraded plantation forests are increasing because of unfavorable forestry conditions prevailing in Japan, including falling timber prices, increasing operational costs, and aging and declining forestry workforce. To remedy this situation, appropriate management strategy is required. This study introduces the challenges of Odai Town, Mie Prefecture that employed a new management strategy by evaluating site suitability for conifer forests and that proposes a new forest management regime of planting deciduous trees in unsuitable sites. The site suitability for conifer forests was evaluated from two aspects: the natural site conditions and the relationship among site conditions, growth, and damage by Anaglyptus subfasciatus Pic. in Cryptomeria japonica D. Don and Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. Et Zucc. forests. By analyzing the relationship among site conditions, growth, and insect damage based on field data obtained in plantation forests, growth evaluation and insect damage evaluation maps were developed. Based on the natural forest investigation, natural site condition maps for C. japonica and C. obtusa were established. Furthermore, by integrating these evaluation maps with the forest road maps showing the accessibility to the forest, the forest management regime for the whole plantation area of Odai Town was established. The forest management regime map indicates the sites suitable for forestry: suitable for long-rotation, short-rotation, and potential sites for short-rotation. The sites unsuitable for forestry were considered to be more suitable for broadleaved forests. Clear-cutting was conducted in a small area and different seral stage saplings (approximately 20 deciduous tree species) suitable to the site conditions were planted in an area of $80-120m^2$ protected by deer-fences. This might establish a forest composed of many species with a multilayer vertical forest structure in a short period. The planted saplings were distributed neither randomly nor uniformly to reflect the natural distribution of trees in the forest. A challenge to develop new products using the deciduous trees has started, such as wood chips for preparing smoked food, essential oil, and deodorizer. As these challenges have just begun, their effects on enhancing sustainable resource management are still being monitored. Even with the challenges, this regime can be of high value as a management strategy to remedy the situation of expansion of degraded forests in Japan.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.155-159
• /
• 2000

In the spring silkworm rearing period of year 1998, some nutritional aspects were studied in the Agricultural Research Station of the Komotini town in Greece, to investigate the feeding behaviour of some Bulgarian silkworm hybrids, suitable for spring rearing, during the fourth and fifth instal under the local climatic conditions. The silkworms were fed by locally cultivated Japanese Kinriu mulberry (Morus alba L.) variety leaves. Eight Bulgarian hybrids had been used, namely Vratza-53xVratza-52, Ukraine-20xVratza-53, Super 1xHessa 2, Merefa 2xVratza 35, as well as their reciprocal crosses. The studies showed out a remarkably higher feed intake and feed utilization by the hybrids Hessa 2xSuper-1, Merefa 2xVratza 35 and Vratza-52xVratza-53. The same hybrids showed an efficient food utilization by means of daily growths cocoon shell ratio and raw silk output. In terms of food to silk conversion efficiency Hessa 2xSuper-1 hybrid gave the best results. Larval stage duration for fourth and fifth instar was not affected by feed intake and utilization. All hybrids showed a good adaptation to the local environment and their feeding performance was equal to the international existing standards. All calculated parameters were found to be around the mean values of other up to date presented results and thus considered as acceptable for the needs of the local production.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.99-118
• /
• 2000

This study attempts to identify the level of conflicts occurring between foreign and domestic chefs, and to suggest the way of controlling those conflicts in order to well manage human resources, foreign chefs. Based on the empirical research, the research findings shows that in terms of targeting and achieving objectives different level of conflicts are experienced when age, hotel type, position varies. For example. purchasing excessive foreign foods may cause undesirable stock which will lead to considerable loss. In order to overcome this problem the advantages of the chain-operated and the independent hotel's food purchasing system must be incorporated. Secondly, another conflicts arise when the architecture and system of a kitchen is different from what foreign chefs are familiar with. Kitchen architecture and system should be well-designed in terms of delivery channel, sanitation, safety, food control, banquet etc.. In developing menu, chefs often have different criteria in the scale of sweet and salt of a particular dish. Foreign chefs often blame his subordinates for not meeting his requirements without proper training or education. Finally, because of the different culture, communication as well as the lack of mutual understanding problem occur. Even though today is called global town. some chefs do not seem to open their minds to learn other developing countries' culture. In diversity management aspect, chefs need to put much effort to be aware of other countries' culture, history, political and economic situation. In prior to employing foreign chefs, the job enrollment and description must be prepared so as to minimize the conflicts, which otherwise will create poor job performance.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.54-60
• /
• 2013

According to previous reports, antioxidant activities of Codonopsis lanceolata could be increased by a steaming process. This study was performed to improve its antioxidant activity and skin whitening activities of C. lanceolata by high pressure and stepwise steaming complex process. The complex processed C. lanceolata showed highest free radical scavenging acitivity as 45.21%, and for phenol and flavonoid contents, complex processed C. lanceolata contained higher than those from conventional extraction process or steaming process alone. The Cytotoxicity of all C. lanceolata extracts also showed low cytotoxicity against human fibroblast cell (CCD-986sk) as 4.49 ~ 10.40%. In whitening activity, high inhibition of tyrosinase activity was estimated as 25.08% by adding the extracts from complex process. We found that whitening and antioxidant activity of complex processed C. lancolata extract was higher than those obtained from conventional extraction and a steaming process because various kinds of antioxidant compounds could be easily released by combined process, compared to one of each process.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.315-318
• /
• 2007

Cooperative or non-territorial permanently social spiders are believed to have evolved from species showing subsocial maternal care. The transition from subsocial to cooperative social groups probably involved a transition from an outbreeding breeding system to one with inbreeding. Nepotistic recognition among siblings should facilitate the evolution of social cooperation through avoidance of inbreeding and maintenance of mutual tolerance between siblings. We conducted experiments to determine whether a mechanism for sibling recognition is present in the subsocial spider, Coelotes terrestris which displays extended maternal care in the form of food provisioning. The numbers of surviving individuals within unfed groups were observed and compared between non-sibling groups of ten spiderlings and groups of ten siblings. The number of survivors differed significantly between groups, with consistently fewer spiderlings surviving in the non-sibling groups than the sibling groups over the study period. This result suggests that sibling recognition and nepotism do occur in this subsocial species. The nepotism involved in the maternal social organization of the Coelotes might be an example of a preadaptation facilitating the evolution of permanent social life.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Conference
• /
• 2001.05a
• /
• pp.25-28
• /
• 2001

In modem society, the development of science and industrialization has brought economic growth, and better living environment, improved food life, advanced medicine, and increased span of life have leaded us into the aging society. In the current situation to move toward the aging society, it's needed to prepare housing planning for retirement community in consideration of the physical and psychological and behavioral features of the elderly to raise their quality of life. The purpose of this study was to map out proper housing planning for retirement community in consideration of the physical, psychological and behavioral characteristics of senior citizens, instead of just focusing on comfortable and convenient one.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.235-246
• /
• 2001

The survey on the practice of the memorial ceremonial food in Chuncheon area showed it varied according to social position of officiator, location(inland or seaside town) , and personal condition. The study included the foods prepared for the memorial services on the memorial day. New Year's Day and Chusok. 1. 40.4% of the subjects were in the thirties at their age, 46.6% were high school graduates, 57.3% were the first daughter-in-law, 40.4% had no religion, 30.9% were working at public administration and earned less than 1 to 1,5 million won monthly. 2. 71.7% of the subjects who replied that the ancestor worship service had to be kept were Buddhists. 55.4% of them were high school graduates, and 58.8% of them ran independent businesses. They learned how to practice the ancestor worship service from their mother before marriage or from their parents-in-law after marriage. 3. The older the officiators, the better they wanted to keep the traditional format of the service, but the Christians and Catholics wanted to change the format to western style in the future. 4. 92.7% of them served cooked milled rice. They prepared the soup in the order of beef soup, radish soup and dried Alaskan pollack soup. 5. Among cooked vegetable dishes, bracken was used the most and balloonflower root, mung bean sprout and spinach followed. Among jeon(pan-fried foods). frozen Alaskan pollack was used the most and buckwheat, mung bean and meatball followed. 6. They served san-juk(beef kebab) mostly on the ceremony. Among the grilled foods, tofu was the favorite, and croaker followed. 7. Among the fried foods. squid was the favorite, and sweet-potato and shrimp followed. Among the dried foods. they used in the order of dried Alaskan pollack, dried beef and squid. 8. Among the rice cake and traditional confectionery, they used in the order of Yak-sik(sweet rice cake), Gang-jeong(fried glutinous rice cookie), Jeol-pyun and In-jeol-mee. Among a beverage, they served Sik-hye(fermented rice drink) mostly. 9. Among fruits, apples. jujube, chestnut and dried persimmon were served. Aong a liquor, Cheongju was served mostly. 10. Soy sauce, salt and salted fermented fish were served, too.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.75-82
• /
• 2013

This study was carried out to contribute to the self-help and sustainability of grassroots business in Gangwon-do. To achieve this, after setting up the concept of community business, understanding the current designating status of community business and analyzing the business content and the business promotion system, I tried to analyze the continuing factors of businesses and shops, which are more than hundred years old, in Japan and seek a solution to the sustainability of community business in the province. The community business in the province, which is designated and operated, is like this; 86 preliminary social businesses, 62 town businesses, 38 social businesses. The total comes to 186. The preliminary social businesses and the social businesses are assigned more in urban area and the manufacturing sector and educational field have a lot of business contents. When it comes to the business promotion system, there are many incorporated companies and limited companies. While the town businesses are assigned more in county area, the agricultural food field and cultural world have a lot of business contents. When it comes to the main participant of business, the agricultural corporations took the first place overwhelmingly. Especially, I found out that the main participants of community business consist of 38 voluntary associations, which is 20.4 %, and we need to make up for the specialty deficiency in business management. In order to keep the continuity of community business in the province, we could achieve the results of manpower development through the case analysis research, securing good materials which can give the consumers confidence, increasing the quality of the products, maintaining high technical skills, keeping up the tradition of business and demanding forecasting. I think a successive research efforts will be required for securing good materials and increasing the quality of the products in tandem with the local community. And also we need to establish a supporting & operating system through the liaison between the business & academic world, business & administration, and business & business for securing a management specialty as an industrialist.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to confirm the effects of auricular acupressure therapy on insomnia and nocturia in the elderly. Methods: This study was a nonequivalent control group pre-post test design. Data collection was conducted from July 1 to August 31, 2013. Subjects were set for totally 36 people with 18 people in the experimental group and 18 people in the control group among the elderly over the age of 60 in silver town, welfare center, and senior citizen center where are located in Seoul area. For the experimental group, auricular acupressure therapy was applied two times during 5 days by fixing it to auricular reaction site with tape using Sinapis alba L. seeds. With SPSS/WIN 19.0 program, the collected data were analyzed. Results: Compared to the control group, the sleeping score and sleeping satisfaction were improved and nocturia frequency was lowered in the experimental group who applied auricular acupressure therapy. Conclusion: Auricular acupressure therapy was considered to be likely useful therapeutic method for the effects of relieving nocturia and insomnia in elderly.